Dasgupta S, Wheeler D, Huq M, Khaliquzzaman M
World Bank--Research-DECRG/Ru, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA.
Indoor Air. 2009 Feb;19(1):22-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00558.x.
The World Health Organization's 2004 Global and Regional Burden of Disease Report estimates that acute respiratory infections from indoor air pollution (pollution from burning wood, animal dung, and other bio-fuels) kill a million children annually in developing countries, inflicting a particularly heavy toll on poor families in South Asia and Africa. This paper reports on an experiment that studied the use of different fuels in conjunction with different combinations of construction materials, space configurations, cooking locations, and household ventilation practices (use of doors and windows) as potentially-important determinants of indoor air pollution. Results from controlled experiments in Bangladesh were analyzed to test whether changes in these determinants can have significant effects on indoor air pollution. Analysis of the data shows, for example, that pollution from the cooking area is transported into living spaces rapidly and completely. Furthermore, it is important to factor in the interaction between outdoor and indoor air pollution. Hence, the optimal cooking location should take 'seasonality' in account. Among fuels, seasonal conditions seem to affect the relative severity of pollution from wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. However, there is no ambiguity about their collective impact. All are far dirtier than clean (LPG and Kerosene) fuels. The analysis concludes that if cooking with clean fuels is not possible, then building the kitchen with permeable construction material and providing proper ventilation in cooking areas will yield a better indoor health environment.
Several village-level measures could significantly reduce IAP exposure in Bangladesh. All would require arrangements and the assert of male heads-of-household: negotiated bulk purchases of higher cost, cleaner fuels; purchase of more fuel-efficient stoves; peripheral location of cooking facilities; building the kitchen with permeable construction material; rotation of women in cooking roles, to reduce their exposure; and ventilation of smoke through a stack tall enough to disperse smoke over a relatively broad area. It is expected that village men and women will agree to these measures if they become convinced that IAP poses a serious risk to health, and their actions will significantly reduce the risk. The keys to success are effective public education about the sources and risks of IAP, and financial and technical assistance for changes in cooking arrangements.
世界卫生组织《2004年全球和地区疾病负担报告》估计，室内空气污染（燃烧木材、动物粪便及其他生物燃料产生的污染）导致的急性呼吸道感染每年在发展中国家夺去100万儿童的生命，给南亚和非洲的贫困家庭造成了尤为沉重的损失。本文报告了一项实验，该实验研究了不同燃料与不同建筑材料组合、空间布局、烹饪地点及家庭通风做法（门窗的使用）作为室内空气污染潜在重要决定因素的情况。对孟加拉国对照实验的结果进行了分析，以测试这些决定因素的变化是否会对室内空气污染产生重大影响。例如，数据分析表明，烹饪区域的污染会迅速且完全地扩散到居住空间。此外，考虑室外和室内空气污染之间的相互作用很重要。因此，最佳烹饪地点应考虑“季节性”。在燃料方面，季节条件似乎会影响木材、粪便及其他生物质燃料污染的相对严重程度。然而，它们的共同影响是明确的。所有这些燃料都比清洁燃料（液化石油气和煤油）脏得多。分析得出结论，如果无法使用清洁燃料烹饪，那么用可渗透建筑材料建造厨房并在烹饪区域提供适当通风将营造出更健康的室内环境。
在孟加拉国，一些村级措施可显著减少室内空气污染暴露。所有这些措施都需要做出安排并得到男性户主的支持：协商批量购买成本较高的清洁燃料；购买更节能的炉灶；将烹饪设施设置在周边位置；用可渗透建筑材料建造厨房；轮换女性的烹饪角色以减少她们的暴露；通过足够高的烟囱通风排烟，以便在相对较广的区域扩散烟雾。如果村民们确信室内空气污染对健康构成严重风险且他们的行动将显著降低风险，预计村里的男性和女性会同意这些措施。成功的关键在于对室内空气污染的来源和风险进行有效的公众教育，以及为烹饪安排的改变提供资金和技术援助。
