Kemp Brian M, Tung Tiffiny A, Summar Marshall L
Department of Anthropology and the School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4910, USA.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009 Sep;140(1):80-91. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21037.
The Wari empire flourished in the central, highland Peruvian Andes from AD 600-1000, and although the events that led to its demise are unknown, archaeological evidence indicates that Wari control waned at the end of the first millennium. Here, we test the hypothesis that, despite the major shift in social and political organization at the fall of the Wari empire, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) composition of populations from the Ayacucho Basin, the former imperial heartland of the empire, remained essentially unchanged. Results show that mtDNA haplogroup frequencies among the Wari and post-Wari groups differ, but the difference is not statistically significant (chi2 = 5.886, df = 3, P = 0.1172). This is the first study in the Andes to use haplotypic data to evaluate the observed genetic distance between two temporally distinct prehispanic populations (F(ST) = 0.029) against modeled expectations of four possible evolutionary scenarios. None of these simulations allowed the rejection of continuity. In total, at both the haplogroup and haplotype levels these data do not allow us to reject the hypothesis that post-Wari individuals sampled in this study are the maternal descendants of those sampled from the Wari era site of Conchopata. However, genetic homogeneity in the mitochondrial gene pool, as seen in the late prehispanic southern Andes, may also characterize our study region. But, prior to this research, this was unknown. If our new data show mtDNA homogeneity, then this could limit the detection of female migration if, in fact, it occurred. Nonetheless, the novel mtDNA data presented here currently do not support the hypothesis that there was an influx of genetically distinct females into the former Wari heartland after the Wari collapse.
瓦里帝国于公元600年至1000年在秘鲁安第斯山脉中部的高地繁荣发展，尽管导致其灭亡的事件尚不清楚，但考古证据表明，在公元一千年末，瓦里的控制权逐渐减弱。在此，我们检验这样一个假设：尽管瓦里帝国灭亡时社会和政治组织发生了重大转变，但来自阿亚库乔盆地（该帝国以前的核心地带）的人群的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）组成基本保持不变。结果显示，瓦里时期和后瓦里时期群体的mtDNA单倍群频率存在差异，但差异无统计学意义（卡方 = 5.886，自由度 = 3，P = 0.1172）。这是安第斯地区第一项利用单倍型数据来评估两个在时间上不同的前西班牙时期人群之间观察到的遗传距离（F(ST) = 0.029）与四种可能进化情景的模拟预期的研究。这些模拟均未允许拒绝连续性假设。总体而言，在单倍群和单倍型水平上，这些数据都不允许我们拒绝这样的假设：本研究中采样的后瓦里个体是从瓦里时期孔乔帕塔遗址采样个体的母系后代。然而，正如前西班牙晚期安第斯山脉南部所见，线粒体基因库中的遗传同质性也可能是我们研究区域的特征。但在这项研究之前，这一点并不为人所知。如果我们的新数据显示mtDNA同质性，那么如果实际上发生了女性迁移，这可能会限制对其的检测。尽管如此，这里呈现的新的mtDNA数据目前并不支持这样的假设：在瓦里崩溃后，有基因上不同的女性涌入前瓦里的核心地带。
