Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 15k North Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA.
Br J Psychol. 2010 Aug;101(Pt 3):383-99. doi: 10.1348/000712609X418480. Epub 2009 Mar 24.
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder marked by emotional hyporesponsiveness and an increased risk for instrumental and reactive aggression. The increased risk for reactive aggression is the focus of the current paper. It will be argued that the increased risk for reactive aggression does not relate to an increased sensitivity to threatening stimuli since psychopathy is associated with a reduced sensitivity to threat. Instead, it is argued that the increased risk for reactive aggression relates to an increased risk for frustration; i.e., the emotional state following the performance of an action in the expectation of a particular reward and not receiving this reward. Two impairments seen in psychopathy would increase the risk for frustration and consequent potential reactive aggression; impairments in stimulus-reinforcement learning and reversal learning. It is argued that both are known consequences of impairment in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, one of the regions principally implicated in psychopathy.
精神变态是一种发育障碍，其特征为情绪反应迟钝和工具性及反应性攻击的风险增加。当前研究的重点是反应性攻击的风险增加。有人认为，反应性攻击的风险增加与对威胁刺激的敏感性增加无关，因为精神变态与对威胁的敏感性降低有关。相反，有人认为，反应性攻击的风险增加与挫折感的风险增加有关；也就是说，在预期特定奖励的情况下执行行动后出现的情绪状态，而没有得到该奖励。精神变态中存在的两种损伤会增加挫折感和随之而来的潜在反应性攻击的风险；刺激-强化学习和反转学习受损。有人认为，这两者都是腹内侧前额叶皮层功能障碍的已知后果，腹内侧前额叶皮层是与精神变态主要相关的区域之一。
