Warthen Matthew W, Tiffany Stephen T
Department of Psychology, University of Utah, UT, USA.
Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Apr;17(2):70-7. doi: 10.1037/a0015617.
The cue reactivity (CR) paradigm has been used extensively to assess smokers' craving responses to smoking-related stimuli. To date, nearly all CR research has been conducted in laboratory settings; there has been no experimental research of the impact of smoking cues on smokers' craving in their natural environment. The present research combined CR procedures with ecological momentary assessment (CREMA); the latter has been used successfully to monitor a variety of behaviors in real time using handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs). Participants were 43 daily, heavy smokers ages 18 and older. PDAs were sent home with participants over an 8-day CREMA period. PDAs were used to record each cigarette smoked and to administer daily CR trials. CR stimuli consisted of photographs and imagery scripts that were either smoking related or neutral. CR trials were also administered in the laboratory, by means of PDAs, at the beginning and end of the CREMA period. Results from CREMA trials indicated that smoking-related cues significantly increased craving, compared with neutral cues for both photographs and imagery scripts. This pattern was also observed in the laboratory-based trials. Findings indicate that CREMA is well suited for the investigation of cue-elicited craving under real-world conditions.
线索反应性（CR）范式已被广泛用于评估吸烟者对与吸烟相关刺激的渴望反应。迄今为止，几乎所有的CR研究都是在实验室环境中进行的；尚未有关于吸烟线索对吸烟者在自然环境中渴望的影响的实验研究。本研究将CR程序与生态瞬时评估（CREMA）相结合；后者已成功用于使用手持个人数字助理（PDA）实时监测各种行为。参与者为43名年龄在18岁及以上的每日重度吸烟者。在为期8天的CREMA期间，将PDA分发给参与者带回家。PDA用于记录每支吸食的香烟，并进行每日CR试验。CR刺激包括与吸烟相关或中性的照片和意象脚本。在CREMA期间开始和结束时，也通过PDA在实验室中进行CR试验。CREMA试验的结果表明，与照片和意象脚本的中性线索相比，与吸烟相关的线索显著增加了渴望。在基于实验室的试验中也观察到了这种模式。研究结果表明，CREMA非常适合在现实世界条件下研究线索引发的渴望。
