Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
Psychol Addict Behav. 2011 Dec;25(4):733-7. doi: 10.1037/a0023687. Epub 2011 May 9.
The cue-reactivity paradigm has been used extensively in laboratory settings to study cue-specific craving responses to drug-related cues. However, this procedure has been used in only one study to assess craving in the drug user's natural environment (Warthen & Tiffany, 2009). The present study combined cue-reactivity with ecological momentary assessment (CREMA) to evaluate smokers' cue reactions in natural environments as a further validation and extension of this procedure. A total of 66 daily cigarette smokers carried a personal digital assistant (PDA) and had the opportunity to respond to 32 cue-reactivity sessions across 8 days. Cues were presented through in vivo and photographic modes. During in vivo sessions, participants handled and looked at a cigarette or neutral object, while during photographic sessions, participants looked at a smoking-related or neutral photograph on the PDA. Craving and mood were assessed before and after cue presentations. Cues were also presented in the laboratory both before (Lab I) and after (Lab II) the 8-day CREMA procedure. Participants completed over 90% of cue-reactivity sessions delivered with the CREMA procedure. Analyses revealed robust cue-reactivity in the natural environment and laboratory across both modes of presentation. Photographic cues elicited significantly stronger cue-reactivity effects than in vivo cues across all sessions. The CREMA procedure has been shown to elicit robust cue-reactivity effects across multiple modes of cue presentation. Results support the use of the CREMA procedure for examining cue-specific craving in the natural environment of smokers.
线索反应范式已广泛应用于实验室环境中，以研究与药物相关的线索引起的特定线索的渴望反应。然而，这项程序仅在一项研究中被用于评估药物使用者自然环境中的渴望，Warthen 和 Tiffany（2009 年）。本研究将线索反应与生态瞬时评估（CREMA）相结合，评估吸烟者在自然环境中的线索反应，作为对该程序的进一步验证和扩展。共有 66 名每日吸烟的参与者携带个人数字助理（PDA），并有机会在 8 天内完成 32 次线索反应。通过体内和摄影模式呈现线索。在体内环节中，参与者处理并观察香烟或中性物体，而在摄影环节中，参与者在 PDA 上观察与吸烟相关或中性的照片。在呈现线索前后评估渴望和情绪。在 8 天 CREMA 程序之前（Lab I）和之后（Lab II），还在实验室中呈现线索。参与者完成了 CREMA 程序提供的超过 90%的线索反应。分析表明，在自然环境和实验室中，两种呈现模式都表现出强烈的线索反应。在所有的环节中，摄影线索引起的线索反应效应明显强于体内线索。CREMA 程序已被证明在多种线索呈现模式下都能引起强烈的线索反应。结果支持使用 CREMA 程序在吸烟者的自然环境中检查特定线索的渴望。
