Figner Bernd, Mackinlay Rachael J, Wilkening Friedrich, Weber Elke U
Center for the Decision Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2009 May;35(3):709-30. doi: 10.1037/a0014983.
The authors investigated risk taking and underlying information use in 13- to 16- and 17- to 19-year-old adolescents and in adults in 4 experiments, using a novel dynamic risk-taking task, the Columbia Card Task (CCT). The authors investigated risk taking under differential involvement of affective versus deliberative processes with 2 versions of the CCT, constituting the most direct test of a dual-system explanation of adolescent risk taking in the literature so far. The "hot" CCT was designed to trigger more affective decision making, whereas the "cold" CCT was designed to trigger more deliberative decision making. Differential involvement of affective versus deliberative processes in the 2 CCT versions was established by self-reports and assessment of electrodermal activity. Increased adolescent risk taking, coupled with simplified information use, was found in the hot but not the cold condition. Need-for-arousal predicted risk taking only in the hot condition, whereas executive functions predicted information use in the cold condition. Results are consistent with recent dual-system explanations of risk taking as the result of competition between affective processes and deliberative cognitive-control processes, with adolescents' affective system tending to override the deliberative system in states of heightened emotional arousal.
作者在4项实验中，使用一种新颖的动态风险承担任务——哥伦比亚卡片任务（CCT），对13至16岁、17至19岁的青少年以及成年人的冒险行为和潜在信息使用情况进行了调查。作者使用CCT的两个版本，研究了情感与审慎过程不同参与程度下的冒险行为，这构成了迄今为止文献中对青少年冒险行为双系统解释的最直接测试。“热”CCT旨在引发更多情感决策，而“冷”CCT旨在引发更多审慎决策。通过自我报告和皮肤电活动评估确定了情感与审慎过程在两个CCT版本中的不同参与程度。在“热”而非“冷”条件下，发现青少年冒险行为增加，同时信息使用简化。寻求刺激仅在“热”条件下预测冒险行为，而执行功能在“冷”条件下预测信息使用。研究结果与最近将冒险行为解释为情感过程与审慎认知控制过程之间竞争结果的双系统解释一致，在情绪高度唤起状态下，青少年的情感系统往往会凌驾于审慎系统之上。
