Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 3340 Social Ecology II, Irvine, CA 92687, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2010 Jan;46(1):193-207. doi: 10.1037/a0016128.
Contemporary perspectives on age differences in risk taking, informed by advances in developmental neuroscience, have emphasized the need to examine the ways in which emotional and cognitive factors interact to influence decision making. In the present study, a diverse sample of 901 individuals between the ages of 10 and 30 were administered a modified version of the Iowa Gambling Task, which is designed to measure affective decision making. Results indicate that approach behaviors (operationalized as the tendency to play increasingly from the advantageous decks over the course of the task) display an inverted U-shape relation to age, peaking in mid- to late adolescence. In contrast, avoidance behaviors (operationalized as the tendency to refrain from playing from the disadvantageous decks) increase linearly with age, with adults avoiding disadvantageous decks at higher rates than both preadolescents and adolescents. The finding that adolescents, compared to adults, are relatively more approach oriented in response to positive feedback and less avoidant in response to negative feedback is consistent with recent studies of brain development, as well as epidemiological data on various types of risky behavior, and may have important practical implications for the prevention of adolescent risk taking.
当代视角下的冒险行为差异，以发展神经科学的进步为依据，强调了需要研究情感和认知因素相互作用影响决策的方式。在本研究中，我们对 901 名年龄在 10 至 30 岁之间的个体进行了一项多样化的研究，他们接受了一种改良版的爱荷华赌博任务，该任务旨在衡量情感决策。结果表明，接近行为（表现为在任务过程中越来越倾向于从有利的牌组中出牌）与年龄呈倒 U 型关系，在青少年中期至后期达到峰值。相比之下，回避行为（表现为避免从不利牌组中出牌的倾向）随年龄呈线性增加，成年人回避不利牌组的比率高于青少年和前青少年。与成年人相比，青少年对积极反馈更倾向于接近，对消极反馈的回避程度较低，这一发现与最近的大脑发育研究以及各种类型的冒险行为的流行病学数据一致，这可能对预防青少年冒险行为具有重要的实际意义。
