Shotton David, Portwin Katie, Klyne Graham, Miles Alistair
Image Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
PLoS Comput Biol. 2009 Apr;5(4):e1000361. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000361. Epub 2009 Apr 17.
Scientific innovation depends on finding, integrating, and re-using the products of previous research. Here we explore how recent developments in Web technology, particularly those related to the publication of data and metadata, might assist that process by providing semantic enhancements to journal articles within the mainstream process of scholarly journal publishing. We exemplify this by describing semantic enhancements we have made to a recent biomedical research article taken from PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, providing enrichment to its content and increased access to datasets within it. These semantic enhancements include provision of live DOIs and hyperlinks; semantic markup of textual terms, with links to relevant third-party information resources; interactive figures; a re-orderable reference list; a document summary containing a study summary, a tag cloud, and a citation analysis; and two novel types of semantic enrichment: the first, a Supporting Claims Tooltip to permit "Citations in Context", and the second, Tag Trees that bring together semantically related terms. In addition, we have published downloadable spreadsheets containing data from within tables and figures, have enriched these with provenance information, and have demonstrated various types of data fusion (mashups) with results from other research articles and with Google Maps. We have also published machine-readable RDF metadata both about the article and about the references it cites, for which we developed a Citation Typing Ontology, CiTO (http://purl.org/net/cito/). The enhanced article, which is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.x001, presents a compelling existence proof of the possibilities of semantic publication. We hope the showcase of examples and ideas it contains, described in this paper, will excite the imaginations of researchers and publishers, stimulating them to explore the possibilities of semantic publishing for their own research articles, and thereby break down present barriers to the discovery and re-use of information within traditional modes of scholarly communication.
科学创新依赖于发现、整合和重新利用先前研究的成果。在此，我们探讨网络技术的最新发展，特别是与数据和元数据发布相关的发展，如何通过在学术期刊出版的主流过程中为期刊文章提供语义增强来辅助这一过程。我们通过描述对一篇取自《公共科学图书馆·被忽视的热带病》的近期生物医学研究文章所做的语义增强来举例说明这一点，为其内容提供丰富信息并增加对其中数据集的访问。这些语义增强包括提供实时数字对象标识符（DOI）和超链接；文本术语的语义标记，链接到相关第三方信息资源；交互式图表；可重新排序的参考文献列表；包含研究摘要、标签云及引文分析的文档摘要；以及两种新型语义丰富形式：第一种是支持性声明工具提示，用于实现“上下文引用”，第二种是将语义相关术语汇集在一起的标签树。此外，我们发布了包含表格和图表数据的可下载电子表格，用出处信息丰富了这些表格，还展示了与其他研究文章结果及谷歌地图的各种数据融合（混搭）形式。我们还发布了关于该文章及其引用参考文献的机器可读资源描述框架（RDF）元数据，为此我们开发了一个引文分类本体，即CiTO（http://purl.org/net/cito/）。增强后的文章可在http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.x001获取，它有力地证明了语义出版的可能性。我们希望本文所包含的示例和想法展示能激发研究人员和出版商的想象力，促使他们探索为自己的研究文章进行语义出版的可能性，从而打破传统学术交流模式中当前信息发现和再利用的障碍。
