Gebel Klaus, Bauman Adrian, Owen Neville
Cluster for Physical Activity and Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Ann Behav Med. 2009 Apr;37(2):228-38. doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9098-3. Epub 2009 Apr 25.
Objective and self-reported physical environmental attributes have been related to physical activity.
We examined the characteristics of adults who are resident in objectively identified high walkable neighborhoods but whose perceptions of neighborhood attributes are not concordant with objective attributes relating to high walkability.
Neighborhood built-environment attributes relating to walkability (dwelling density, intersection density, land use mix, and net retail area) were determined objectively, using Geographic Information System databases; data on corresponding perceptions of local environment attributes (from the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale) were derived from a self-completion survey of a socially diverse sample of 2,650 adults aged 19 to 65. Objective and perceived walkability attributes were categorized using median splits, and correlates of non-concordance were determined using multiple logistic regression models.
There was a fair overall agreement between objectively determined walkability and perceived walkability (Kappa = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.31-0.39). Among those resident in objectively assessed high walkable areas (n = 1,063), 32.1% perceived them to be low walkable; conversely, 32.7% (n = 1,021) resident in objectively determined low walkability areas perceived them to be high. For residents of objectively determined high walkable areas, the characteristics that differentiated those with perceptions of low walkability (non-concordant perceptions) from those with concordant perceptions of high walkability were: not being university-educated (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.06-2.04); having lower household incomes (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.09-2.17); being overweight (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.03-2.07); and walking fewer days per week for transport (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.11-2.70). Higher walking times and more positive cognitive variables were noted among participants who lived in a neighborhood with low walkability that was perceived as high compared to those who lived in a high walkable environment that was perceived as low walkable.
Adults with lower educational attainment and lower incomes, who were overweight, or who were less physically active for transportation purposes, were more likely to misperceive their high walkable neighborhood as low walkable. There is the potential for physical activity promotion and persuasion strategies to address non-concordant perceptions, especially among those who live in high walkable environments but perceive them to be low and also among those who are socially disadvantaged and are less active. Perceptions of environmental attributes may be more strongly correlated with cognitive antecedents and with behavior than are objective measures.
客观的和自我报告的物理环境属性与身体活动有关。
我们研究了居住在客观认定的高步行适宜性社区，但对社区属性的认知与高步行适宜性的客观属性不一致的成年人的特征。
使用地理信息系统数据库客观确定与步行适宜性相关的社区建成环境属性（居住密度、交叉路口密度、土地利用混合度和净零售面积）；关于当地环境属性相应认知的数据（来自邻里环境步行适宜性量表）来自对2650名年龄在19至65岁的社会多样化样本成年人的自填式调查。客观和感知的步行适宜性属性使用中位数分割进行分类，并使用多元逻辑回归模型确定不一致的相关因素。
客观确定的步行适宜性与感知的步行适宜性之间总体一致性尚可（卡帕系数=0.35，95%置信区间=0.31-0.39）。在客观评估为高步行适宜性区域的居民中（n=1063），32.1%的人认为这些区域步行适宜性低；相反，在客观确定为低步行适宜性区域的居民中，32.7%（n=1021）的人认为这些区域步行适宜性高。对于客观确定为高步行适宜性区域的居民，将那些认为步行适宜性低（认知不一致）的人与认为步行适宜性高（认知一致）的人区分开来的特征包括：未受过大学教育（比值比=1.47，95%置信区间=1.06-2.04）；家庭收入较低（比值比=1.54，95%置信区间=1.09-2.17）；超重（比值比=1.46，95%置信区间=1.03-2.07）；以及每周因交通目的步行的天数较少（比值比=1.75，95%置信区间=1.11-2.70）。与居住在被认为步行适宜性低的高步行适宜性环境中的参与者相比，居住在被认为步行适宜性高的低步行适宜性社区中的参与者步行时间更长，认知变量更积极。
教育程度较低、收入较低、超重或因交通目的身体活动较少的成年人更有可能将他们居住的高步行适宜性社区误判为步行适宜性低。有促进身体活动和说服策略来解决认知不一致的可能性，特别是在那些居住在高步行适宜性环境但认为其步行适宜性低的人群中，以及在那些社会经济地位不利且身体活动较少的人群中。与客观测量相比，环境属性的认知可能与认知前因和行为的相关性更强。
