Jack Elizabeth, McCormack Gavin R
Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive, N,W, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014 Jun 4;11:71. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-11-71.
Self-reported and objectively-determined neighborhood built characteristics are associated with physical activity, yet little is known about their combined influence on walking. This study: 1) compared self-reported measures of the neighborhood built environment between objectively-determined low, medium, and high walkable neighborhoods; 2) estimated the relative associations between self-reported and objectively-determined neighborhood characteristics and walking and; 3) examined the extent to which the objectively-determined built environment moderates the association between self-reported measures of the neighborhood built environment and walking.
A random cross-section of 1875 Canadian adults completed a telephone-interview and postal questionnaire capturing neighborhood walkability, neighborhood-based walking, socio-demographic characteristics, walking attitudes, and residential self-selection. Walkability of each respondent's neighborhood was objectively-determined (low [LW], medium [MW], and high walkable [HW]). Covariate-adjusted regression models estimated the associations between weekly participation and duration in transportation and recreational walking and self-reported and objectively-determined walkability.
Compared with objectively-determined LW neighborhoods, respondents in HW neighborhoods positively perceived access to services, street connectivity, pedestrian infrastructure, and utilitarian and recreation destination mix, but negatively perceived motor vehicle traffic and crime related safety. Compared with residents of objectively-determined LW neighborhoods, residents of HW neighborhoods were more likely (p < .05) to participate in (odds ratio [OR] = 3.06), and spend more time, per week (193 min/wk) transportation walking. Perceived access to services, street connectivity, motor vehicle safety, and mix of recreational destinations were also significantly associated with transportation walking. With regard to interactions, HW x utilitarian destination mix was positively associated with participation, HW x physical barriers and MW x pedestrian infrastructure were positively associated with minutes, and HW x safety from crime was negatively associated with minutes, of transportation walking. Neither neighborhood type nor its interactions with perceived measures of walkability were associated with recreational walking, although perceived aesthetics was associated with participation (OR = 1.18, p < .05).
Objectively-determined and self-reported built characteristics are associated with neighborhood-based transportation walking. The objectively-determined built environment might moderate associations between perceptions of walkability and neighborhood-based transportation walking. Interventions that target perceptions in addition to modifications to the neighborhood built environment could result in increases in physical activity among adults.
自我报告的和客观确定的邻里建成环境特征与身体活动相关，但对于它们对步行的综合影响知之甚少。本研究：1）比较了客观确定的低、中、高步行适宜性邻里之间自我报告的邻里建成环境指标；2）估计了自我报告的和客观确定的邻里特征与步行之间的相对关联；3）考察了客观确定的建成环境在多大程度上调节了自我报告的邻里建成环境指标与步行之间的关联。
对1875名加拿大成年人进行随机横断面调查，通过电话访谈和邮政问卷收集邻里步行适宜性、基于邻里的步行情况、社会人口学特征、步行态度和居住自我选择等信息。客观确定每个受访者邻里的步行适宜性（低步行适宜性[LW]、中等步行适宜性[MW]和高步行适宜性[HW]）。协变量调整回归模型估计了每周交通步行和休闲步行的参与度及持续时间与自我报告的和客观确定的步行适宜性之间的关联。
与客观确定的低步行适宜性邻里相比，高步行适宜性邻里的受访者对服务可达性、街道连通性、行人基础设施以及功利性和娱乐性目的地混合情况的感知为正向，但对机动车交通和犯罪相关安全的感知为负向。与客观确定的低步行适宜性邻里的居民相比，高步行适宜性邻里的居民更有可能（p <.05）参与交通步行（优势比[OR]=3.06），且每周花费更多时间（193分钟/周）进行交通步行。对服务的感知可达性、街道连通性、机动车安全性以及娱乐性目的地混合情况也与交通步行显著相关。关于交互作用，高步行适宜性×功利性目的地混合与参与度呈正相关，高步行适宜性×物理障碍和中等步行适宜性×行人基础设施与交通步行的分钟数呈正相关，高步行适宜性×犯罪安全性与交通步行的分钟数呈负相关。邻里类型及其与步行适宜性感知指标的交互作用均与休闲步行无关，尽管感知美学与参与度相关（OR = 1.18，p <.05）。
客观确定的和自我报告的建成环境特征与基于邻里的交通步行相关。客观确定的建成环境可能会调节步行适宜性感知与基于邻里的交通步行之间的关联。除了对邻里建成环境进行改造外，针对感知的干预措施可能会使成年人的身体活动增加。
