Exposure to bile influences biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes.

In the present study we demonstrate that the initial attachment of Listeria monocytogenes cells to plastic surfaces was significantly increased by growth in the presence of bile. Improved biofilm formation was confirmed by crystal violet staining, microscopy and bioluminescence detection of a luciferase-tagged strain. Enhanced biofilm formation in response to bile may influence the ability of L. monocytogenes to form biofilms in vivo during infection and may contribute to survival of this important pathogen in the human gastrointestinal tract and gallbladder.