Lubinsky Tobi, Rich Jill B, Anderson Nicole D
Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009 Sep;15(5):704-16. doi: 10.1017/S1355617709990270. Epub 2009 Jul 27.
Errorless learning is an intervention that benefits memory performance in healthy older adults and a variety of clinical populations. A limitation of the errorless learning technique is that it is passive and does not involve elaborative processing. We report two studies investigating the added benefits of elaborative, self-generated learning to the errorless learning advantage. We also explored the mnemonic mechanisms of the errorless learning advantage. In both studies, older adults and individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) completed four encoding conditions representing the crossing of errorless/errorful learning and self-generated/experimenter-provided learning. Self-generation enhanced the errorless learning benefit in cued recall and cued recognition, but not in free recall or item recognition. An errorless learning advantage was observed for priming of target words, and this effect was amplified for participants with aMCI after self-generated learning. Moreover, the aMCI group showed significant priming of prior self-generated errors. These results demonstrate that self-generation enhances the errorless learning advantage when study and test conditions match. The data also support the argument that errorless learning eliminates the misleading implicit influence of prior errors, as well as the need for explicit memory processes to distinguish targets from errors.
无错误学习是一种对健康老年人和各类临床人群的记忆表现有益的干预方法。无错误学习技术的一个局限性在于它是被动的，不涉及精细加工。我们报告了两项研究，探究精细的、自我生成的学习对无错误学习优势的额外益处。我们还探讨了无错误学习优势的记忆机制。在这两项研究中，老年人和遗忘型轻度认知障碍（aMCI）患者完成了四种编码条件，这些条件代表了无错误/有错误学习与自我生成/实验者提供学习的交叉。自我生成增强了线索回忆和线索识别中的无错误学习益处，但在自由回忆或项目识别中没有增强。在目标词的启动方面观察到了无错误学习优势，并且在自我生成学习后，aMCI患者的这种效应被放大。此外，aMCI组对先前自我生成的错误表现出显著的启动效应。这些结果表明，当学习和测试条件匹配时，自我生成增强了无错误学习优势。数据还支持这样的观点，即无错误学习消除了先前错误的误导性隐性影响，以及需要明确的记忆过程来区分目标和错误。
