Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Pasteur Drive MC: 5187, Room 3115A, Stanford, CA 94305-5187, USA.
Exp Parasitol. 2010 Jan;124(1):45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.07.005. Epub 2009 Jul 24.
Cryptosporidium species and Giardia intestinalis are the most common enteric protozoan pathogens affecting humans worldwide. In recent years, nitazoxanide has been licensed in the United States for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in non-immunodeficient children and adults, becoming the first drug approved for treating this disease. There is a need for a highly effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, but the quest for such a drug has proven to be elusive. While not effective against Cryptosporidium, nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole or tinidazole are effective treatments for giardiasis and can be administered as a single dose. Albendazole and nitazoxanide are effective against giardiasis but require multiple doses. Nitazoxanide is the first new drug developed for treating giardiasis in more than 20years. New potentially promising drug targets in Cryptosporidium and Giardia have been identified, but there appears to be little activity toward clinical development of new drugs.
隐孢子虫属和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫是全世界最常见的影响人类的肠道原生动物病原体。近年来，硝唑尼特已在美国获得许可，用于治疗非免疫功能低下的儿童和成人的隐孢子虫病，成为第一种获准治疗这种疾病的药物。对于免疫功能低下的患者来说，需要一种高度有效的隐孢子虫病治疗方法，但这种药物的寻找一直难以捉摸。硝唑尼特虽然对隐孢子虫无效，但像甲硝唑或替硝唑这样的硝基咪唑类药物对贾第鞭毛虫病有效，可作为单剂量给药。阿苯达唑和硝唑尼特对贾第鞭毛虫病有效，但需要多剂量给药。硝唑尼特是 20 多年来开发的第一种治疗贾第鞭毛虫病的新药。已经确定了隐孢子虫属和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫属中一些新的有希望的潜在药物靶点，但在开发新药的临床应用方面似乎几乎没有什么进展。
