Welge-Luessen Antje
University Hospital Basel - Otorhinolaryngology, Petersgraben 4 Basel, Switzerland.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Jul;1170(1):585-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04370.x.
Olfactory disorders are common in "nasal inflammation" even though the term is comprehensive and subsumes different kinds of entities which have to be differentiated. The most common cause of olfactory disorders are sinonasal disorders, which are defined as secondary smell disorders caused by diseases/pathologies in the nose/paranasal sinuses. According to the literature, sinonasal disorders represent--depending on the examined population-up to 72% of all olfactory disorders. In general, noninflammatory and inflammatory disorders are differentiated. Inflammatory disorders can be further classified into infectious or noninfectious disorders, both forms in which olfactory disorders can be present. For the clinician examining patients, the exact classification of the olfactory disorder is mandatory in order to choose appropriate treatment and counseling. Among the most common inflammatory disorders are acute rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, post-upper respiratory tract infection and chronic rhinosinusitis, which are discussed in detail. In contrast to nasal inflammation, only little is known about oral inflammation and its psychophysical effects on taste function. Taste disorders following oral inflammation are briefly discussed.
嗅觉障碍在“鼻炎症”中很常见，尽管该术语涵盖范围广泛，包含了多种需要区分的不同实体。嗅觉障碍最常见的原因是鼻窦疾病，鼻窦疾病被定义为由鼻腔 / 鼻窦疾病 / 病理状况引起的继发性嗅觉障碍。根据文献，鼻窦疾病在所有嗅觉障碍中所占比例 —— 取决于所研究的人群 —— 高达72%。一般来说，可区分非炎症性和炎症性疾病。炎症性疾病可进一步分为感染性或非感染性疾病，这两种形式都可能出现嗅觉障碍。对于检查患者的临床医生而言，为了选择合适的治疗方法和提供咨询，必须对嗅觉障碍进行准确分类。最常见的炎症性疾病包括急性鼻炎、过敏性鼻炎、上呼吸道感染后和慢性鼻 - 鼻窦炎，将对这些疾病进行详细讨论。与鼻炎症形成对比的是，人们对口腔炎症及其对味觉功能的心理 - 生理影响了解甚少。本文将简要讨论口腔炎症后的味觉障碍。
