Institute of Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2009 Sep 4;3(1):25. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-3-25.
Attachment theory predicts and subsequent empirical research has amply demonstrated that individual variations in patterns of early attachment behaviour are primarily influenced by differences in sensitive responsiveness of caregivers. However, meta-analyses have shown that parenting behaviour accounts for about one third of the variance in attachment security or disorganisation. The exclusively environmental explanation has been challenged by results demonstrating some, albeit inconclusive, evidence of the effect of infant temperament. In this paper, after reviewing briefly the well-demonstrated familial and wider environmental influences, the evidence is reviewed for genetic and gene-environment interaction effects on developing early attachment relationships. Studies investigating the interaction of genes of monoamine neurotransmission with parenting environment in the course of early relationship development suggest that children's differential susceptibility to the rearing environment depends partly on genetic differences. In addition to the overview of environmental and genetic contributions to infant attachment, and especially to disorganised attachment relevant to mental health issues, the few existing studies of gene-attachment interaction effects on development of childhood behavioural problems are also reviewed. A short account of the most important methodological problems to be overcome in molecular genetic studies of psychological and psychiatric phenotypes is also given. Finally, animal research focusing on brain-structural aspects related to early care and the new, conceptually important direction of studying environmental programming of early development through epigenetic modification of gene functioning is examined in brief.
依恋理论预测，随后的实证研究充分证明，早期依恋行为模式的个体差异主要受照顾者敏感反应能力的差异影响。然而，荟萃分析表明，养育行为解释了依恋安全性或失调的约三分之一的变异。尽管有一些婴儿气质影响的非决定性证据，但纯粹的环境解释受到了挑战。在本文中，简要回顾了经过充分证明的家庭和更广泛的环境影响后，回顾了遗传和基因-环境相互作用对早期依恋关系发展的影响的证据。研究表明，单胺能神经传递基因与养育环境相互作用的研究表明，儿童对养育环境的不同敏感性部分取决于遗传差异。除了对婴儿依恋的环境和遗传贡献的概述，特别是对与心理健康问题相关的失调依恋的概述外，还回顾了少数关于基因-依恋相互作用对儿童行为问题发展影响的现有研究。还简要介绍了心理和精神病理表现的分子遗传学研究中需要克服的最重要的方法学问题。最后，简要检查了关注与早期照顾相关的大脑结构方面的动物研究，以及通过基因功能的表观遗传修饰研究早期发育的环境编程的新概念上重要的方向。
