Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Nov;395(5):1225-42. doi: 10.1007/s00216-009-3081-5. Epub 2009 Sep 16.
Filamentous fungi in the Aspergillus section Nigri (the black aspergilli) represent some of the most widespread food and feed contaminants known but they are also some of the most important workhorses used by the biotechnological industry. The Nigri section consists of six commonly found species (excluding A. aculeatus and its close relatives) from which currently 145 different secondary metabolites have been isolated and/or detected. From a human and animal safety point of view, the mycotoxins ochratoxin A (from A. carbonarius and less frequently A. niger) and fumonisin B(2) (from A. niger) are currently the most problematic compounds. Especially in foods and feeds such as coffee, nuts, dried fruits, and grape-based products where fumonisin-producing fusaria are not a problem, fumonisins pose a risk. Moreover, compounds such as malformins, naptho-gamma-pyrones, and bicoumarins (kotanins) call for monitoring in food, feed, and biotechnology products as well as for a better toxicological evaluation, since they are often produced in large amounts by the black aspergilli. For chemical differentiation/identification of the less toxic species the diketopiperazine asperazine can be used as a positive marker since it is consistently produced by A. tubingensis (177 of 177 strains tested) and A. acidus (47 of 47 strains tested) but never by A. niger (140 strains tested). Naptho-gamma-pyrones are the compounds produced in the highest quantities and are produced by all six common species in the group (A. niger 134 of 140; A. tubingensis 169 of 177; A. acidus 44 of 47; A. carbonarius 40 of 40, A. brasiliensis 18 of 18; and A. ibericus three of three).
黑曲霉属中的丝状真菌（黑曲霉）是已知分布最广泛的食品和饲料污染物之一，但它们也是生物技术行业最常用的重要工具。黑曲霉属由六个常见种组成（不包括 A. aculeatus 及其近亲），目前已从这六个种中分离和/或检测到 145 种不同的次生代谢物。从人类和动物安全的角度来看，真菌毒素赭曲霉毒素 A（来自 A. carbonarius 和较少见的 A. niger）和伏马菌素 B(2)（来自 A. niger）是目前最成问题的化合物。特别是在咖啡、坚果、干果和以葡萄为基础的产品等食品和饲料中，不会产生产伏马菌素的镰刀菌，但存在伏马菌素的风险。此外，由于黑曲霉经常大量产生 malformins、naptho-gamma-pyrones 和双香豆素（kotanins）等化合物，因此需要在食品、饲料和生物技术产品中进行监测，并进行更好的毒理学评估。对于毒性较低的物种的化学区分/鉴定，可以使用二酮哌嗪 asperazine 作为阳性标记，因为它一直由 A. tubingensis（测试的 177 株中的 177 株）和 A. acidus（测试的 47 株中的 47 株）产生，但从未由 A. niger（测试的 140 株）产生。萘并-γ-吡喃酮是产量最高的化合物，该属中的六个常见种均能产生该化合物（A. niger 134/140；A. tubingensis 169/177；A. acidus 44/47；A. carbonarius 40/40；A. brasiliensis 18/18；A. ibericus 3/3）。
