Maio Gregory R, Pakizeh Ali, Cheung Wing-Yee, Rees Kerry J
School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009 Oct;97(4):699-715. doi: 10.1037/a0016420.
Circular models of values and goals suggest that some motivational aims are consistent with each other, some oppose each other, and others are orthogonal to each other. The present experiments tested this idea explicitly by examining how value confrontation and priming methods influence values and value-consistent behaviors throughout the entire value system. Experiment 1 revealed that change in 1 set of social values causes motivationally compatible values to increase in importance, whereas motivationally incompatible values decrease in importance and orthogonal values remain the same. Experiment 2 found that priming security values reduced the better-than-average effect, but priming stimulation values increased it. Similarly, Experiments 3 and 4 found that priming security values increased cleanliness and decreased curiosity behaviors, whereas priming self-direction values decreased cleanliness and increased curiosity behaviors. Experiment 5 found that priming achievement values increased success at puzzle completion and decreased helpfulness to an experimenter, whereas priming with benevolence values decreased success and increased helpfulness. These results highlight the importance of circular models describing motivational interconnections between values and personal goals.
价值观和目标的循环模型表明，一些动机目标相互一致，一些相互对立，还有一些相互正交。本实验通过研究价值对抗和启动方法如何影响整个价值体系中的价值观和与价值一致的行为，明确检验了这一观点。实验1表明，一组社会价值观的变化会导致动机上兼容的价值观的重要性增加，而动机上不兼容的价值观的重要性降低，正交价值观则保持不变。实验2发现，启动安全价值观会降低优于平均水平效应，但启动刺激价值观会增强该效应。同样，实验3和实验4发现，启动安全价值观会增加清洁行为并减少好奇行为，而启动自我导向价值观会减少清洁行为并增加好奇行为。实验5发现，启动成就价值观会提高完成谜题的成功率并降低对实验者的帮助程度，而启动仁爱价值观会降低成功率并增加帮助程度。这些结果凸显了描述价值观与个人目标之间动机联系的循环模型的重要性。
