Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia.
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2010 Apr;53(2):508-29. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0086). Epub 2009 Sep 28.
To determine risk and protective factors for speech and language impairment in early childhood.
Data are presented for a nationally representative sample of 4,983 children participating in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (described in McLeod & Harrison, 2009). Thirty-one child, parent, family, and community factors previously reported as being predictors of speech and language impairment were tested as predictors of (a) parent-rated expressive speech/language concern and (b) receptive language concern, (c) use of speech-language pathology services, and (d) low receptive vocabulary.
Bivariate logistic regression analyses confirmed 29 of the identified factors. However, when tested concurrently with other predictors in multivariate analyses, only 19 remained significant: 9 for 2-4 outcomes and 10 for 1 outcome. Consistent risk factors were being male, having ongoing hearing problems, and having a more reactive temperament. Protective factors were having a more persistent and sociable temperament and higher levels of maternal well-being. Results differed by outcome for having an older sibling, parents speaking a language other than English, and parental support for children's learning at home.
Identification of children requiring speech and language assessment requires consideration of the context of family life as well as biological and psychosocial factors intrinsic to the child.
确定儿童早期言语和语言障碍的风险和保护因素。
本研究的数据来自于参与澳大利亚儿童纵向研究（McLeod 和 Harrison，2009 年描述）的 4983 名具有代表性的儿童。此前有研究报告称 31 项儿童、父母、家庭和社区因素可预测言语和语言障碍，本研究将这些因素作为预测（a）父母评定的表达性言语/语言问题和（b）接受性语言问题、（c）言语语言病理学服务的使用和（d）接受性词汇量低的指标进行了检验。
双变量逻辑回归分析证实了其中 29 个因素。然而，在多元分析中与其他预测因素同时检验时，只有 19 个因素仍然具有统计学意义：9 个因素与 2-4 个结果相关，10 个因素与 1 个结果相关。一致的危险因素包括男性、持续存在听力问题以及反应性更强的气质。保护因素包括具有更持久和善于交际的气质以及更高的母亲幸福感。对于有兄弟姐妹、父母说英语以外的语言以及父母在家中支持孩子学习等因素，结果因结果而异。
确定需要进行言语和语言评估的儿童需要考虑家庭生活的背景以及儿童内在的生物和心理社会因素。
