Thrasher Jack D, Crawley Sandra
National Toxic Encephalopathy Foundation, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2009 Oct-Nov;25(9-10):583-615. doi: 10.1177/0748233709348386. Epub 2009 Sep 30.
Nine types of biocontaminants in damp indoor environments from microbial growth are discussed: (1) indicator molds; (2) Gram negative and positive bacteria; (3) microbial particulates; (4) mycotoxins; (5) volatile organic compounds, both microbial (MVOCs) and non-microbial (VOCs); (6) proteins; (7) galactomannans; (8) 1-3-beta-D-glucans (glucans) and (9) lipopolysaccharides (LPS--endotoxins). When mold species exceed those outdoors contamination is deduced. Gram negative bacterial endotoxins, LPS in indoor environments, synergize with mycotoxins. The gram positive Bacillus species, Actinomycetes (Streptomyces, Nocardia and Mycobacterium), produce exotoxins. The Actinomycetes are associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, lung and invasive infections. Mycobacterial mycobacterium infections not from M. tuberculosis are increasing in immunocompetent individuals. In animal models, LPS enhance the toxicity of roridin A, satratoxins G and aflatoxin B1 to damage the olfactory epithelium, tract and bulbs (roridin A, satratoxin G) and liver (aflatoxin B1). Aflatoxin B1 and probably trichothecenes are transported along the olfactory tract to the temporal lobe. Co-cultured Streptomyces californicus and Stachybotrys chartarum produce a cytotoxin similar to doxorubicin and actinomycin D (chemotherapeutic agents). Trichothecenes, aflatoxins, gliotoxin and other mycotoxins are found in dust, bulk samples, air and ventilation systems of infested buildings. Macrocyclic trichothecenes are present in airborne particles <2 microm. Trichothecenes and stachylysin are present in the sera of individuals exposed to S. chartarum in contaminated indoor environments. Haemolysins are produced by S. chartarum, Memnoniella echinata and several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Galactomannans, glucans and LPS are upper and lower respiratory tract irritants. Gliotoxin, an immunosuppressive mycotoxin, was identified in the lung secretions and sera of cancer patients with aspergillosis produced by A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. niger and A. flavus.
（1）指示霉菌；（2）革兰氏阴性菌和阳性菌；（3）微生物颗粒；（4）霉菌毒素；（5）挥发性有机化合物，包括微生物源（MVOCs）和非微生物源（VOCs）；（6）蛋白质；（7）半乳甘露聚糖；（8）1,3-β-D-葡聚糖（葡聚糖）和（9）脂多糖（LPS——内毒素）。当室内霉菌种类超过室外时，可推断存在污染。革兰氏阴性菌内毒素，即室内环境中的LPS，会与霉菌毒素协同作用。革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌属、放线菌（链霉菌属、诺卡氏菌属和分枝杆菌属）会产生外毒素。放线菌与过敏性肺炎、肺部和侵袭性感染有关。在免疫功能正常的个体中，非结核分枝杆菌引起的分枝杆菌感染正在增加。在动物模型中，LPS会增强roridin A、satratoxins G和黄曲霉毒素B1的毒性，从而损害嗅觉上皮、嗅觉道和嗅球（roridin A、satratoxin G）以及肝脏（黄曲霉毒素B1）。黄曲霉毒素B1以及可能的单端孢霉烯族毒素会沿着嗅觉道运输到颞叶。加利福尼亚链霉菌和chartarum葡萄穗霉共同培养会产生一种类似于阿霉素和放线菌素D（化疗药物）的细胞毒素。在受感染建筑物的灰尘、大量样本、空气和通风系统中发现了单端孢霉烯族毒素、黄曲霉毒素、曲霉菌毒素和其他霉菌毒素。大环单端孢霉烯族毒素存在于直径小于2微米的空气中颗粒中。在受污染室内环境中接触chartarum葡萄穗霉的个体血清中存在单端孢霉烯族毒素和葡萄穗霉溶血素。chartarum葡萄穗霉、刺孢小克银汉霉以及几种曲霉属和青霉属真菌会产生溶血素。半乳甘露聚糖、葡聚糖和LPS是上、下呼吸道刺激物。在由烟曲霉、土曲霉、黑曲霉和黄曲霉引起曲霉病的癌症患者的肺分泌物和血清中鉴定出了具有免疫抑制作用的曲霉菌毒素。
