University of British Columbia, 6108 Thunderbird Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Exp Physiol. 2010 Mar;95(3):422-30. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.047571. Epub 2009 Oct 23.
The demands for pulmonary O(2) and CO(2) transport in the exercising human are substantial. Fortunately, the regulatory and architectural limits of the pulmonary system meet the requirements of heavy exercise in most individuals. However, in some highly trained athletes the high metabolic demand of intense exercise is in excess of the capacity of the pulmonary system. Environmental considerations, in addition to those imposed by the demands of exercise, provide further physiological challenges that must be met. Winter athletes often encounter high-altitude hypoxia and cold, either transiently during competition or repeatedly during training. In this brief review, we examine the pulmonary system during acute and chronic exercise in hypoxic and cold environmental conditions. Observations from studies conducted in humans are emphasized in order to ask questions about regulation, plasticity and the limits of human physiology. We also highlight new findings and controversial questions that would benefit from additional study.
人体在运动时对氧气（O2）和二氧化碳（CO2）的运输需求很大。幸运的是，在大多数人身上，肺部系统的调节和结构限制都能满足剧烈运动的要求。然而，在一些训练有素的运动员中，高强度运动的高代谢需求超出了肺部系统的能力。除了运动需求带来的限制外，环境因素也带来了进一步的生理挑战，这些挑战必须得到应对。冬季运动员经常在比赛期间或训练期间遇到高海拔缺氧和寒冷的环境，这种情况可能是短暂的，也可能是反复出现的。在这篇简要的综述中，我们考察了在缺氧和寒冷环境条件下急性和慢性运动时的肺部系统。我们强调了在人类身上进行的研究的观察结果，以便提出有关调节、可塑性和人体生理学极限的问题。我们还突出了新的发现和有争议的问题，这些问题需要进一步研究。
