Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado, Colorado 80918, USA.
J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S127-36. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.574721. Epub 2011 Jun 21.
Winter sports are played in cold conditions on ice or snow and often at moderate to high altitude. The most important nutritional challenges for winter sport athletes exposed to environmental extremes include increased energy expenditure, accelerated muscle and liver glycogen utilization, exacerbated fluid loss, and increased iron turnover. Winter sports, however, vary greatly regarding their nutritional requirements due to variable physiological and physique characteristics, energy and substrate demands, and environmental training and competition conditions. What most winter sport athletes have in common is a relatively lean physique and high-intensity training periods, thus they require greater energy and nutrient intakes, along with adequate food and fluid before, during, and after training. Event fuelling is most challenging for cross-country skiers competing in long events, ski jumpers aiming to reduce their body weight, and those winter sport athletes incurring repeated qualification rounds and heats. These athletes need to ensure carbohydrate availability throughout competition. Finally, winter sport athletes may benefit from dietary and sport supplements; however, attention should be paid to safety and efficacy if supplementation is considered.
冬季运动在寒冷的条件下在冰上或雪上进行，通常在中等到高海拔地区进行。暴露于极端环境下的冬季运动运动员面临的最重要的营养挑战包括增加能量消耗、加速肌肉和肝脏糖原的利用、加剧液体流失和增加铁的周转率。然而，由于生理和体质特征、能量和底物需求以及环境训练和比赛条件的变化，冬季运动的营养需求差异很大。大多数冬季运动运动员的共同点是相对瘦的体型和高强度的训练期，因此他们需要在训练前后摄入更多的能量和营养物质，以及充足的食物和液体。对于参加长距离比赛的越野滑雪运动员、试图减轻体重的跳台滑雪运动员以及经历多次资格赛和预赛的冬季运动运动员来说，比赛中的能量补充是最具挑战性的。这些运动员需要确保比赛过程中有足够的碳水化合物供应。最后，冬季运动运动员可能会从饮食和运动补充剂中受益；但是，如果考虑补充剂，则应注意安全性和效果。
