Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Germany.
Ther Drug Monit. 2010 Feb;32(1):11-8. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181c0eee0.
Seeds of the opium poppy plant are legally sold and widely consumed as food. Due to contamination during harvesting, the seeds can contain morphine and other opiate alkaloids. The objective of this study is to review the toxicology of poppy seed foods regarding influence on opiate drug tests. Computer-assisted literature review resulted in 95 identified references. Normal poppy seed consumption is generally regarded as safe. During food processing, the morphine content is considerably reduced (up to 90%). The possibility of false-positive opiate drug tests after poppy food ingestion exists. There are no unambiguous markers available to differentiate poppy food ingestion from heroin or pharmaceutical morphine use. This is also a problem in heroin-assisted maintenance programs. A basic requirement in such substitution programs is the patients' abstinence from any other drugs, including additional illicit heroin. Also a lack of forensic ingestion trials was detected that consider all factors influencing the morphine content in biologic matrices after consumption. Most studies did not control for the losses during food processing, so that the initial morphine dosage was overestimated. The large reduction of the morphine content during past years raises questions about the validity of the "poppy seed defence." However, a threshold of food use that would not lead to positive drug tests with certainty is currently unavailable. Research is needed to prove if the morphine contents in today's foods still pose the possibility of influencing drug tests. Future trials should consider processing-related morphine losses.
罂粟种子作为食品在合法销售并被广泛食用。由于在收获过程中的污染，种子可能含有吗啡和其他鸦片生物碱。本研究旨在综述罂粟籽食品对阿片类药物检测的毒理学影响。通过计算机辅助文献复习，共确定了 95 篇参考文献。一般认为正常食用罂粟籽是安全的。在食品加工过程中，吗啡含量会显著降低（高达 90%）。食用罂粟籽后出现阿片类药物检测假阳性的可能性是存在的。目前尚无明确的标志物可区分食用罂粟籽与海洛因或药用吗啡的使用。这在海洛因辅助维持治疗计划中也是一个问题。在这种替代治疗计划中，一个基本要求是患者必须戒除任何其他药物，包括其他非法使用的海洛因。还发现，缺乏考虑生物基质中吗啡含量的摄入后所有影响因素的法医摄入试验。大多数研究没有控制食品加工过程中的损失，因此初始吗啡剂量被高估了。近年来，吗啡含量的大幅降低引发了对“罂粟籽辩护”有效性的质疑。然而，目前还没有一个确定的食物使用阈值，可确保不会出现药物检测阳性的情况。需要研究证明目前食品中的吗啡含量是否仍有可能影响药物检测。未来的试验应考虑与加工相关的吗啡损失。
