Self-initiated surface grafting with poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) on poly(ether-ether-ketone).

Poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK)s are a group of polymeric biomaterials with excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability. In the present study, we demonstrate the fabrication of an antibiofouling and highly hydrophilic high-density nanometer-scaled layer on the surface of PEEK by photo-induced graft polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) without using any photo-initiators, i.e., "self-initiated surface graft polymerization." Our results indicated that the diphenylketone moiety in the polymer backbone acted as a photo-initiator similar to benzophenone. The density and thickness of the poly(MPC) (PMPC)-grafted layer were controlled by the photo-irradiation time and monomer concentration during polymerization, respectively. Since MPC is a highly hydrophilic compound, the water wettability (contact angle <10 degrees) and lubricity (coefficient of dynamic friction <0.01) of the PMPC-grafted PEEK surface were considerably lower than those of the untreated PEEK surface (90 degrees and 0.20, respectively) due to the formation of a PMPC nanometer-scale layer. In addition, the amount (0.05 microg/cm(2)) of BSA adsorbed on the PMPC-grafted PEEK surface was considerably lower, that is more than 90% reduction, compared to that (0.55 microg/cm(2)) for untreated PEEK. This photo-induced polymerization process occurs only on the surface of the PEEK substrate; therefore, the desirable mechanical properties of PEEK would be maintained irrespective of the treatment used.