Burchinal Margaret, Vernon-Feagans Lynne, Cox Martha
Margaret Burchinal, University of California-Irvine and FPG Child Development Institute, CB# 8185, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8185. Lynne Vernon-Feagans, Martha Cox, and Key Family Life Project Investigators are also at the University of North Carolina.
Parent Sci Pract. 2008;8(1):41-69. doi: 10.1080/15295190701830672.
The extent to which the severity of exposure to social risk is related to parenting and cognitive development in the first 15 months of an infant's life was studied in a representative diverse sample of families in two rural poor regions in the United States. DESIGN: One thousand two hundred ninety-two families were followed for the first 15 months of the infant's life. RESULTS: Evidence supported a pathway from risk severity through maternal sensitivity and warmth, language and learning activities, and maternal language to child outcomes, with the language and learning activities providing the most consistent independent prediction. Race, age, and geographic isolation moderated the associations between risk and different aspects of parenting. Both level and change in maternal engagement, maternal language input, and overall learning environment were related to early cognitive development. Cumulative risk measured as the mean of risk variables was a stronger predictor of parenting and infant development than when measured as the count of risk factors. CONCLUSION: Severity of risk exposure is negatively related to parenting and to child development for infants as young as 15 months of age. This study provides evidence supporting a pathway from risk severity through parenting to child outcomes and suggests that both initial parenting skills and change in parenting skills during infancy predict infants' cognitive skills.
在美国两个农村贫困地区具有代表性的多样化家庭样本中，研究婴儿出生后头15个月内社会风险暴露的严重程度与养育方式和认知发展之间的关联程度。
对1292个家庭的婴儿出生后头15个月进行跟踪研究。
有证据支持一条从风险严重程度，经由母亲的敏感性和温暖度、语言及学习活动以及母亲语言，到儿童发展结果的路径，其中语言及学习活动提供了最一致的独立预测。种族、年龄和地理隔离调节了风险与养育方式不同方面之间的关联。母亲参与度、母亲语言输入和整体学习环境的水平及变化均与早期认知发展有关。以风险变量的平均值衡量的累积风险，比以风险因素的数量衡量时，对养育方式和婴儿发展的预测更强。
风险暴露的严重程度与15个月大婴儿的养育方式及儿童发展呈负相关。本研究提供了证据，支持一条从风险严重程度经养育方式到儿童发展结果的路径，并表明婴儿期最初的养育技能以及养育技能的变化均能预测婴儿的认知技能。
