Predictors of Stability/Change in Observed Parenting Patterns Across Early Childhood: A Latent Transition Approach.

Parenting has long been a topic of research based on its importance for family and child outcomes. Recent methodological advances in person-centered approaches suggest that our understanding of parenting could be further advanced by examining parenting typologies across various parenting behaviors longitudinally. Accordingly, the current study aims to examine latent transitions in parenting practice patterns across four annual assessments during early childhood and examine whether individual- and family-level factors at baseline discriminate parenting transition patterns. Data from four waves (ages 2, 3, 4, and 5) of a study of 731 caregiver-child dyads from a randomized controlled trial were used. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) and Latent Transition Analysis (LTA) were conducted to investigate underlying types of parenting practices at each age and longitudinal parenting practice transition patterns that represent continuity and change. For the LCA, two latent classes emerged at all four waves, representing 'lower warmth; higher negative interaction' (Dysregulated) and 'higher warmth; lower negative interaction' (Warm) parenting groups. The LTA model with two classes at all waves was conducted with good fit. The results showed diversity in the transition patterns over time, especially non-linear patterns of parenting across early childhood. Using multinominal logistic regression, six transition patterns, collapsed from 16 possible patterns, were predicted by family factors such as child sex, family income, primary caregivers' race, parental involvement, child inhibitory control, and child externalizing behaviors. Findings have implications for parenting assessment, practice, and analysis.