Department of Human Movement and Sport Science, Università degli Studi di Roma Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.
J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Jan;24(1):223-9. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c27d36.
This study aimed at comparing elite (i.e., Euro League and Italian "Serie A1") and sub-elite (Italian "Serie B") matches. A notational analysis was performed on 17 men's water polo matches during the 2005-2006 season to evaluate the following technical and tactical parameters of the offensive play: frequency of occurrence of the actions; mean clock-time duration; mean number of players involved and passes; frequency of occurrence of the turnovers; and frequency of occurrence of the number, outcome, position, and type of the shots. All the indicators were analyzed in relation to even (i.e., equal number of offensive and defensive players), counterattack (i.e., higher number of offensive players than that of the defense), and power play (i.e., a team defending for 20 seconds without a player because of an exclusion foul) situations. A multivariate approach (multivariate analysis of variance) was applied to the playing situations (even, counterattack, and power play) as dependent variables and competition levels (Final Four of Euro League Championship, Serie A1 Championship, and Serie B Championship) as between factor (p < 0.05). Significant differences among competition levels emerged in (a) the frequency of occurrence of counterattack and power play actions, (b) the duration of even situations, (c) the mean number of players directly involved during power play actions, (d) the mean number of the passes during even and power play actions, (e) the frequency of occurrence of the shots during counterattack and power play actions, (f) the frequency of occurrence of goals during even actions, (g) the frequency of occurrence of shots originating from different zones of the court, and (h) the type of shots performed. The present results showed that the competition level has a relevant impact on the occurrence of technical and tactical indicators especially in relation to even, counterattack, and power play situations. Thus, notational analysis proved to be a valuable tool for better coaching through the interpretation of technical and tactical aspects of water polo in relation to its competition level.
本研究旨在比较精英（即欧洲联赛和意大利“甲级联赛”）和次精英（意大利“乙级联赛”）比赛。对 2005-2006 赛季期间的 17 场男子水球比赛进行了记时分析，以评估进攻比赛的以下技术和战术参数：动作的发生频率；平均时钟时间持续时间；涉及的平均球员人数和传球次数；失误的发生频率；以及射门次数、结果、位置和类型的发生频率。所有指标均与均等（即进攻和防守球员人数相等）、反击（即进攻球员人数高于防守球员人数）和强打（即一支球队因犯规被罚 20 秒无球员防守）情况相关进行了分析。多元方法（多元方差分析）被应用于比赛情况（均等、反击和强打）作为因变量和竞争水平（欧洲联赛冠军赛的半决赛、甲级联赛冠军赛和乙级联赛冠军赛）作为自变量（p<0.05）。在竞争水平方面出现了显著差异：（a）反击和强打动作的发生频率；（b）均等情况的持续时间；（c）强打期间直接参与的平均球员人数；（d）均等和强打期间传球的平均次数；（e）反击和强打期间射门的发生频率；（f）均等期间进球的发生频率；（g）来自球场不同区域的射门的发生频率；以及（h）射门的类型。本研究结果表明，竞争水平对技术和战术指标的发生有重要影响，特别是在均等、反击和强打情况下。因此，记时分析通过解释水球比赛在其竞争水平下的技术和战术方面，证明是一种有价值的教练工具。
