Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Immunology, and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
Environ Int. 2010 Feb;36(2):195-201. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.11.004. Epub 2009 Dec 22.
There are a number of reports in the literature which describe the occurrence of so-called emerging pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, in surface water. Few of these studies have reported values from large cities in relatively arid areas, such as in Spain. The persistence of some pharmaceuticals to usual wastewater treatments allows their discharge into surface waters. It is increasingly evident that mental health problems are of special concern for public health since psychiatric drugs are used in large amounts. Compared to other countries, Spain has a high pharmaceutical consumption rate, and Madrid metropolitan area is one of the most densely populated areas in Europe. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of different psychoactive pharmaceuticals and metabolites in the main rivers of Madrid metropolitan area: Jarama, Manzanares, Guadarrama, Henares and Tajo. Sampling was done downstream of ten sewage treatment plants (STP) discharging into these rivers. Control points upstream of STPs discharge points were also sampled. Pharmaceutical compounds and metabolites for analysis were selected according to human consumption and prescription rates in Madrid, and the availability of valid techniques for detection. We observed residues of the antidepressants fluoxetine (80% of the sampling sites), citalopram (60%) and venlafaxine (100%), the anxiolytics nordiazepam (90%), oxazepam (80%) and 7-aminoflunitrazepam (10%) and the anticonvulsant carabamazepine (70%). Measured concentrations equalled or exceeded those reported for other geographical areas, although there is a pronounced lack of information for the anxiolytics and venlafaxine. This is of special concern given that Wyeth-Ayerst's venlafaxine, Effexor, was the 10th greatest selling pharmaceutical worldwide in 2006. We conclude that the origin of pharmaceutical pollution in the rivers of Madrid is mainly the discharge of sewage treatment plants in Madrid's metropolitan area and a comprehensive monitoring program should be implemented.
有许多文献报道了所谓的新兴污染物，如药品，在地表水的出现。这些研究中很少有报道来自相对干旱地区的大城市，如西班牙。一些药物对常规废水处理具有持久性，允许其排放到地表水中。越来越明显的是，心理健康问题是特别关注的公共卫生问题，因为精神药物的使用量很大。与其他国家相比，西班牙的药品消费率很高，马德里大都市区是欧洲人口最密集的地区之一。本研究的目的是确定马德里大都市区主要河流（Jarama、Manzanares、Guadarrama、Henares 和 Tajo）中不同的精神药物和代谢物的存在情况。在这些河流中，对十个污水处理厂（STP）排放口的下游进行了采样。还在 STP 排放点的上游控制点进行了采样。用于分析的药物化合物和代谢物是根据马德里的人类消费和处方率以及检测的有效技术来选择的。我们观察到抗抑郁药氟西汀（80%的采样点）、西酞普兰（60%）和文拉法辛（100%）、苯二氮䓬类安定（90%）、奥沙西泮（80%）和 7-氨基氟硝西泮（10%）以及抗惊厥药卡马西平（70%）的残留。测量的浓度与其他地理区域报告的浓度相等或更高，尽管安定类药物和文拉法辛的信息明显缺乏。鉴于惠氏公司的文拉法辛（Effexor）在 2006 年是全球第 10 大畅销药品，这一点尤其令人担忧。我们的结论是，马德里河流中药物污染的来源主要是马德里大都市区污水处理厂的排放，应该实施一个全面的监测计划。
