CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country, Private Bag No. 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
Water Res. 2010 Mar;44(6):1841-52. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.008. Epub 2009 Dec 16.
A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was performed at four managed aquifer recharge (MAR) sites (Australia, South Africa, Belgium, Mexico) where reclaimed wastewater and stormwater is recycled via aquifers for drinking water supplies, using the same risk-based approach that is used for public water supplies. For each of the sites, the aquifer treatment barrier was assessed for its log(10) removal capacity much like for other water treatment technologies. This information was then integrated into a broader risk assessment to determine the human health burden from the four MAR sites. For the Australian and South African cases, managing the aquifer treatment barrier was found to be critical for the schemes to have low risk. For the Belgian case study, the large treatment trains both in terms of pre- and post-aquifer recharge ensures that the risk is always low. In the Mexico case study, the risk was high due to the lack of pre-treatment and the low residence times of the recharge water in the aquifer. A further sensitivity analysis demonstrated that human health risk can be managed if aquifers are integrated into a treatment train to attenuate pathogens. However, reduction in human health disease burden (as measured in disability adjusted life years, DALYs) varied depending upon the number of pathogens in the recharge source water. The beta-Poisson dose response curve used for translating rotavirus and Cryptosporidium numbers into DALYs coupled with their slow environmental decay rates means poor quality injectant leads to aquifers having reduced value to reduce DALYs. For these systems, like the Mexican case study, longer residence times are required to meet their DALYs guideline for drinking water. Nevertheless the results showed that the risks from pathogens can still be reduced and recharging via an aquifer is safer than discharging directly into surface water bodies.
对四个管理型含水层补给（MAR）地点（澳大利亚、南非、比利时、墨西哥）进行了定量微生物风险评估（QMRA），这些地点通过含水层回收再利用再生废水和雨水来为饮用水供应提供水资源，使用的是与公共供水相同的基于风险的方法。对于每个地点，都评估了含水层处理屏障的对数（10）去除能力，就像对其他水处理技术一样。然后，将这些信息整合到更广泛的风险评估中，以确定四个 MAR 地点的人类健康负担。对于澳大利亚和南非的案例，管理含水层处理屏障对于这些方案来说是至关重要的，以确保风险低。对于比利时的案例研究，由于预和后含水层补给的大型处理列车，风险始终很低。在墨西哥的案例研究中，由于缺乏预处理以及补给水在含水层中的停留时间短，风险很高。进一步的敏感性分析表明，如果将含水层纳入处理列车以减轻病原体的影响，就可以管理人类健康风险。然而，人类健康疾病负担的减少（以残疾调整生命年衡量，DALYs）取决于补给水源中的病原体数量。用于将轮状病毒和隐孢子虫数量转化为 DALYs 的 Beta-泊松剂量反应曲线及其缓慢的环境衰减率意味着，低质量的注入物会导致含水层的价值降低，从而减少 DALYs。对于这些系统，如墨西哥的案例研究，需要更长的停留时间才能达到其饮用水 DALYs 指南。尽管如此，结果表明仍然可以降低病原体的风险，并且通过含水层进行补给比直接排放到地表水更安全。
