Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Korea.
Yonsei Med J. 2010 Jan;51(1):9-17. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.1.9. Epub 2009 Dec 29.
Intrinsic cellular defenses are non-specific antiviral activities by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs), one of the pathogen recognize receptor (PRR), sense various microbial ligands. Especially, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 recognize viral ligands such as glycoprotein, single- or double-stranded RNA and CpG nucleotides. The binding of viral ligands to TLRs transmits its signal to Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) to activate transcription factors via signal transduction pathway. Through activation of transcription factors, such as interferon regulatory factor-3, 5, and 7 (IRF-3, 5, 7) or nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), type I interferons are induced, and antiviral proteins such as myxovirus-resistance protein (Mx) GTPase, RNA-dependent Protein Kinase (PKR), ribonuclease L (RNase L), Oligo-adenylate Synthetase (OAS) and Interferon Stimulated Gene (ISG) are further expressed. These antiviral proteins play an important role of antiviral resistancy against several viral pathogens in infected cells and further activate innate immune responses.
固有细胞防御是通过识别病原体相关分子模式 (PAMPs) 来进行非特异性抗病毒活性。Toll 样受体 (TLR) 是病原体识别受体 (PRR) 之一，可识别各种微生物配体。特别是，TLR2、TLR3、TLR4、TLR7、TLR8 和 TLR9 识别病毒配体，如糖蛋白、单链或双链 RNA 和 CpG 核苷酸。病毒配体与 TLR 结合将其信号传递至 Toll/白细胞介素-1 受体 (TIR)，通过信号转导途径激活转录因子。通过激活转录因子，如干扰素调节因子-3、5 和 7 (IRF-3、5、7) 或核因子-κB (NF-κB)，诱导 I 型干扰素产生，并进一步表达抗病毒蛋白，如流感病毒抗性蛋白 (Mx) GTP 酶、RNA 依赖性蛋白激酶 (PKR)、核糖核酸酶 L (RNase L)、寡聚腺苷酸合成酶 (OAS) 和干扰素刺激基因 (ISG)。这些抗病毒蛋白在感染细胞中对几种病毒病原体具有重要的抗病毒抗性作用，并进一步激活先天免疫反应。
