Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010;50:63-88. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105819.
Engineered nanomaterials have unique physico-chemical properties that make them promising for many technological and biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration, drug and gene delivery, and in vivo monitoring of disease processes. However, with the burgeoning capabilities to manipulate structures at the nano-scale, intentional as well as unintentional human exposures to engineered nanomaterials are set to increase. Nanotoxicology is an emerging discipline focused on understanding the properties of engineered nanomaterials and their interactions with biological systems, and may be viewed as the study of the undesirable interference between man-made nanomaterials and cellular nanostructures or nanomachines. In this review, we discuss recognition of engineered nanomaterials by the immune system, our primary defense system against foreign invasion. Moreover, as oxidative stress is believed to be one of the major deleterious consequences of exposure to nanomaterials, we explore triggering of pro- and antioxidant pathways as well as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Finally, we highlight in vivo studies of the toxicological outcomes of engineered nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, with an emphasis on inflammation and genotoxic responses.
工程纳米材料具有独特的物理化学性质，这使得它们在许多技术和生物医学应用中具有广阔的前景，包括组织再生、药物和基因传递，以及疾病过程的体内监测。然而，随着在纳米尺度上操纵结构的能力不断增强，人们有意或无意地接触工程纳米材料的情况预计将会增加。纳米毒理学是一个新兴的学科，专注于理解工程纳米材料的特性及其与生物系统的相互作用，可以被视为研究人为纳米材料与细胞纳米结构或纳米机器之间的不良干扰。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了免疫系统对工程纳米材料的识别，免疫系统是我们对抗外来入侵的主要防御系统。此外，由于氧化应激被认为是暴露于纳米材料的主要有害后果之一，我们探讨了促氧化剂和抗氧化剂途径以及氧化应激生物标志物的触发。最后，我们强调了体内研究工程纳米材料（包括碳纳米管）的毒理学结果，重点关注炎症和遗传毒性反应。
