Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2010 May;17(4):957-67. doi: 10.1007/s11356-009-0284-4. Epub 2010 Jan 15.
BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: The ergosterol biosynthesis-inhibiting (EBI) fungicide prochloraz can enhance the effect of other pesticides in a range of animal species. Approximately 50% of the fungicides used in Denmark are EBI fungicides. Hence, if they all have synergising potential, a risk assessment of pesticide mixtures based on additivity might not suffice. This study investigates the synergising potential of six different EBI fungicides representing the imidazoles (prochloraz), the triazoles (epoxiconazole, propiconazole and tebuconazole), the piperidines (fenpropidin) and the morpholines (fenpropimorph) together with the pyrethroid insecticide alpha-cypermethrin.
Tests were made on the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna. Mixtures of each of the fungicides were tested together with the insecticide both at a 50:50% effect mixture ratio and, subsequently, in a ray design including five mixture ratios. The results were tested against the concentration addition reference model using dose-response surface analyses.
The results of the binary dose-response surface studies showed that mixtures with prochloraz increased toxicity up to 12-fold compared with what was expected using the reference model concentration addition (CA). Epoxiconazole and propiconazole enhanced toxicity up to six and sevenfold, respectively. Fenpropimorph showed antagonism, whilst mixtures with tebuconazole and fenpropidin did not deviate statistically from CA.
Hence, it can be concluded that both imidazoles and some, but not all, triazoles can enhance the effect of a pyrethroid insecticide towards D. magna substantially. Epoxiconazole and propiconazole are often sprayed out together with pyrethroids in tank mixtures. The extent to which this might create unforeseen ecological problems is discussed.
背景、目的和范围：甾醇生物合成抑制剂（EBI）杀真菌剂丙环唑可以增强一系列动物物种中其他农药的效果。丹麦使用的杀菌剂中约有 50%是 EBI 杀菌剂。因此，如果它们都具有协同作用，基于加性的农药混合物风险评估可能是不够的。本研究调查了六种不同的 EBI 杀菌剂（代表咪唑类（丙环唑）、三唑类（环唑、丙环唑和戊唑醇）、哌啶类（fenpropidin）和吗啉类（fenpropimorph））与拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂α-氯氰菊酯的协同作用潜力。
在水生甲壳类动物大型蚤 Daphnia magna 上进行了测试。将每种杀真菌剂与杀虫剂以 50:50%的效果混合物比例混合，并随后在包括五个混合物比例的射线设计中进行测试。使用剂量反应曲面分析对结果进行了测试，以对抗浓度加和参考模型。
二元剂量反应曲面研究的结果表明，与参考模型浓度加和（CA）相比，含有丙环唑的混合物的毒性增加了 12 倍。环唑和丙环唑的毒性分别增强了 6 倍和 7 倍。fenpropimorph 表现出拮抗作用，而含有戊唑醇和 fenpropidin 的混合物在统计学上没有偏离 CA。
因此，可以得出结论，咪唑类和一些三唑类但不是所有三唑类都可以显著增强拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂对 D. magna 的效果。环唑和丙环唑经常与拟除虫菊酯在罐混中一起喷洒。讨论了这可能会造成意想不到的生态问题的程度。
