Treatment techniques in evolution.

In response to Gabbard's paper, "Do We Need Theory?" the author disputes the suggestion that his early therapeutic successes were theory-specific. He also takes issue with the view that "the analyst's personality is a constant," emphasizing instead the continual fluidity of an effective analytic relationship. While agreeing that atheoreticism is itself a theory, the author differentiates between the universal presence of content as defined by formal psychoanalytic metapsychological theory (e.g., primary instinctual envy, the Oedipus complex) and the centrality of affect attunement that illuminates developmental processes. He cautions therapists to guard against believing that they know "objective reality," and he urges them to assume a "know-nothing" position conducive to eliciting each patient's psychic reality.