Departments of Neurosurgery, and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082, USA.
Neuropharmacology. 2010 May;58(6):865-76. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.01.010. Epub 2010 Jan 25.
Neurogenesis is continually occurring in two regions within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and increasing evidence suggests that it is important for selective learning and memory. How this plasticity is maintained in isolated niches within mature networks has been extensively studied in recent years, and a large body of evidence has accumulated describing many different regulatory factors and points of regulation. In this review, we attempt to organize the current research by summarizing findings affecting early neurogenesis: during proliferation, fate commitment and migration, versus late neurogenesis: including dendritic development, synaptic integration, and survival. We discuss the roles of three different classes of factors regulating early and late phases of neurogenesis: intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, and neurotransmitters. Finally, we suggest that neurotransmitters may act upstream from extracellular other factors and cell-intrinsic mechanisms by coupling network activity to the niche microenvironment and intracellular machinery to ultimately regulate neurogenesis.
神经发生在哺乳动物中枢神经系统(CNS)的两个区域中持续发生,越来越多的证据表明它对选择性学习和记忆很重要。近年来,人们广泛研究了在成熟网络的隔离小生境中如何维持这种可塑性,并且已经积累了大量描述许多不同调节因子和调节点的证据。在这篇综述中,我们试图通过总结影响早期神经发生的发现来组织当前的研究:在增殖、命运决定和迁移期间,与晚期神经发生相比:包括树突发育、突触整合和存活。我们讨论了调节早期和晚期神经发生的三类不同因子的作用:内在因子、外在因子和神经递质。最后,我们认为神经递质可以通过将网络活动与小生境微环境和细胞内机制偶联起来,从而最终调节神经发生,在上游作用于细胞外的其他因子和细胞内机制。