Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4611, USA.
Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2010 Jan;16(1):37-49. doi: 10.1037/a0015868.
In three studies, implicit and explicit measures were used to examine the interconnections between ethnic and national identities among Latino Americans and Caucasian Americans. Consistently, Latino Americans as a group were conceived of as being less American than Caucasian Americans (Studies 1-3). This effect was exhibited by both Caucasian and Latino participants. Overall, Caucasian participants displayed a stronger national identification than Latino participants (Studies 2 and 3). In addition, ethnic American associations accounted for the strength of national identification for Caucasian participants, but not for Latino participants (Study 2). Finally, ethnic differences in national identification among individuals who exclude Latino Americans from the national identity emerged when persistent ethnic disparities were primed, but not when increasing equalities were stressed (Study 3). In sum, ethnic American associations account for the merging versus dissociation between ethnic and national identifications and reflect a long-standing ethnic hierarchy in American society.
在三项研究中，采用内隐和外显测量方法来考察拉丁裔美国人和白种美国人间的族裔和民族认同之间的相互联系。一致地，拉丁裔美国人作为一个群体被认为比白种美国人（研究 1-3）更不具有美国性。这种效应在白人和拉丁裔参与者中都有所表现。总体而言，白种参与者表现出比拉丁裔参与者更强的民族认同感（研究 2 和 3）。此外，族裔美国人的联想解释了白种参与者的民族认同感的强度，但对拉丁裔参与者没有解释（研究 2）。最后，当持续存在的族裔差距被激发时，个体在民族认同中的族裔差异会显现出来，但当强调增加平等时则不会（研究 3）。总之，族裔美国人的联想解释了族裔和民族认同的融合与分离，并反映了美国社会中长期存在的族裔等级制度。
