Devos Thierry, Banaji Mahzarin R
Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4611, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2005 Mar;88(3):447-66. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.447.
Six studies investigated the extent to which American ethnic groups (African, Asian, and White) are associated with the category "American." Although strong explicit commitments to egalitarian principles were expressed in Study 1, Studies 2-6 consistently revealed that both African and Asian Americans as groups are less associated with the national category "American" than are White Americans. Under some circumstances, a dissociation between mean levels of explicit beliefs and implicit responses emerged such that an ethnic minority was explicitly regarded to be more American than were White Americans, but implicit measures showed the reverse pattern (Studies 3 and 4). In addition, Asian American participants themselves showed the American = White effect, although African Americans did not (Study 5). The American = White association was positively correlated with the strength of national identity in White Americans. Together, these studies provide evidence that to be American is implicitly synonymous with being White.
六项研究调查了美国不同种族群体（非裔、亚裔和白人）与“美国人”这一类别之间的关联程度。尽管在研究1中表达了对平等主义原则的强烈明确承诺，但研究2至6一致表明，与美国白人相比，非裔美国人和亚裔美国人作为群体与“美国人”这一国家类别之间的联系较弱。在某些情况下，明确信念的平均水平与隐性反应之间出现了分离，即少数族裔在明确层面上被认为比美国白人更具美国特质，但隐性测量结果却显示出相反的模式（研究3和4）。此外，亚裔美国参与者自身表现出“美国人=白人”的效应，而非裔美国人则没有（研究5）。“美国人=白人”的关联与美国白人的国家认同感强度呈正相关。这些研究共同提供了证据，表明在美国人这一概念的隐性认知中，与白人是同义的。
