Morehouse Kirsten N, Charlesworth Tessa E S, Devos Thierry, Banaji Mahzarin R
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 27;15(1):3368. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83794-6.
Against the backdrop of increasing ethnic diversity in the U.S., we replicate, extend, and challenge previous examinations of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype in the largest sample to date (N = 666,623 respondents) over 17 years (2007-2023). Six key findings emerged. First, a robust American = White association emerged on implicit (Cohen's d = 0.50) and explicit (Cohen's d = 0.51) measures. Second, the strength of this effect varied by respondents' race/ethnicity with implicit stereotypes strongest among White respondents (Cohen's d = 0.86) and absent among East Asian respondents (Cohen's d = 0.02). Third, the strength of implicit stereotypes was modulated by age, religion, and ideology-older, Christian, and conservative respondents displayed stronger implicit American = White associations-but not gender or education. Fourth, respondents living in U.S. metropolitan areas with greater Asian representation or a history of voting for Democratic candidates exhibited weaker implicit American = White associations. Fifth, over the past 17 years, implicit and explicit American = White associations decreased by 41% and 47%, respectively, and 14/14 demographic subgroups changed towards neutrality. Finally, we observed suggestive evidence that implicit stereotype trends towards neutrality were temporarily disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic for White Americans but not Asian Americans.
在美国种族多样性不断增加的背景下，我们在17年（2007年至2023年）的时间里，以迄今为止最大的样本（N = 666,623名受访者）复制、扩展并挑战了以往对“美国人 = 白人/外国人 = 亚洲人”刻板印象的研究。出现了六个关键发现。第一，在隐性（科恩d值 = 0.50）和显性（科恩d值 = 0.51）测量中都出现了强烈的“美国人 = 白人”关联。第二，这种效应的强度因受访者的种族/民族而异，隐性刻板印象在白人受访者中最强（科恩d值 = 0.86），在东亚受访者中不存在（科恩d值 = 0.02）。第三，隐性刻板印象的强度受年龄、宗教和意识形态的调节——年龄较大、基督教徒和保守的受访者表现出更强的隐性“美国人 = 白人”关联——但不受性别或教育程度的影响。第四，生活在美国亚洲人代表性较高或有投票给民主党候选人历史的大都市地区的受访者，其隐性“美国人 = 白人”关联较弱。第五，在过去17年中，隐性和显性的“美国人 = 白人”关联分别下降了41%和47%，14个/14个人口亚组都朝着中立方向转变。最后，我们观察到有暗示性的证据表明，在新冠疫情期间，美国白人的隐性刻板印象向中立的趋势暂时受到干扰，但亚裔美国人没有。
