Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Koblenz, Germany.
Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Mar 1;44(5):1728-35. doi: 10.1021/es903216p.
An analytical method was developed for the determination of nine antiviral drugs (acyclovir, abacavir, lamivudine, nevirapine oseltamivir, penciclovir, ribavirin, stavudine, zidovudine) and one active metabolite (oseltamivir carboxylate) in raw and treated wastewater as well as in surface water using LC/ESI tandem MS detection. Relative recoveries exceeded 80% and limits of quantification ranged between 0.2 and 10 ng L(-1). Matrix effects were compensated by the use of stable isotope labeled surrogate standards and optimized chromatographic separation on a Hydro-RP column. All antiviral drugs, except ribavirin, were detected in raw wastewater. A significant reduction in concentrations was observed for acyclovir, lamivudine, and abacavir in treated wastewater indicating a substantial removal, while nevirapine, zidovudine and oseltamivir were found in similar concentrations in raw and treated wastewater. Concentrations in river waters were in the lower ng L(-1)-range, with a maximum of 190 and 170 ng L(-1) for acyclovir and zidovudine, respectively in the Hessian Ried. Estimated total compound loads in the Ruhr river ranged between <0.1 and 16.5 g d(-1) while for the Rhine river values between 370 and 1800 g d(-1) were determined. The ratios of oseltamivir to oseltamivir carboxylate were approximately a factor of 10 higher for the Rhine than for the other rivers and streams indicating a significant contribution from other sources such as discharges from manufacturing facilities.
建立了一种分析方法，用于测定 LC/ESI 串联质谱检测的原始和处理废水中以及地表水中的九种抗病毒药物（阿昔洛韦、阿巴卡韦、拉米夫定、奈韦拉平、奥司他韦、喷昔洛韦、利巴韦林、司他夫定、齐多夫定）和一种活性代谢物（奥司他韦羧酸）。相对回收率超过 80%，定量限在 0.2 和 10ng/L 之间。通过使用稳定同位素标记替代标准和优化 Hydro-RP 柱上的色谱分离来补偿基质效应。除利巴韦林外，所有抗病毒药物均在原始废水中检出。在处理废水中，阿昔洛韦、拉米夫定和阿巴卡韦的浓度显著降低，表明去除率很高，而奈韦拉平、齐多夫定和奥司他韦在原始和处理废水中的浓度相似。河水中的浓度处于较低的 ng/L 范围内，在黑森里德河水中，阿昔洛韦和齐多夫定的浓度最高分别为 190 和 170ng/L。鲁尔河的总化合物负荷估计在<0.1 和 16.5g/d 之间，而莱茵河的总化合物负荷在 370 和 1800g/d 之间。与其他河流和溪流相比，莱茵河的奥司他韦与奥司他韦羧酸的比值约高 10 倍，表明来自其他来源（例如来自制造设施的排放）的显著贡献。
