Rostami Farzaneh, Ahmed Anwar E, Best Al M, Laskin Daniel M
School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Feb;68(2):381-5. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.09.101.
In 1994, Risser and Laskin surveyed practicing female oral and maxillofacial surgeons and those in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) residency programs to determine the factors that attract women to the field, their attitudes toward the various aspects of the specialty, their current practice patterns, and any biases that they may have encountered. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there have been any changes since that report was published.
Invitations to participate in an online survey were e-mailed to all practicing female oral and maxillofacial surgeons and female OMFS residents in the United States.
One hundred fifty-six of the 281 practicing surgeons (56%) and 60 of 111 residents (54%) responded. Fifty-eight percent of residents were single, whereas 63% of practitioners were married. Most residents were childless (88%), but only 46% of practitioners had no children. Residents were more racially diverse-only 58% Caucasian versus 75% for practitioners. Both residents and practitioners agreed that they were satisfied with the selection of OMFS as a career choice, 91% and 87%, respectively. The major attractions to the field in both groups included liking surgery in general, the combination of dentistry and medicine, and the challenges offered in the specialty. Both practitioners (61%) and residents (60%) still reported a bias against women in their residency. Twenty-nine percent of residents and 38% of practitioners also reported experiencing sexual harassment.
Since 1994, there has been a definite increase of women in both residency programs and practice. There is also greater diversity in both groups. The factors attracting women to the field continue to be relatively unchanged. However, there continues to be bias against women in the field, sexual harassment is not uncommon, and there is no evidence this has improved since 1994. Time commitment and social compromises remain the largest deterrents for women entering the specialty of OMFS.
1994年，里瑟和拉斯金对执业女性口腔颌面外科医生以及口腔颌面外科（OMFS）住院医师培训项目中的人员进行了调查，以确定吸引女性投身该领域的因素、她们对该专业各个方面的态度、她们目前的执业模式以及可能遇到的任何偏见。本研究的目的是确定自该报告发表以来是否有任何变化。
通过电子邮件向美国所有执业女性口腔颌面外科医生和女性OMFS住院医师发送参与在线调查的邀请。
281名执业外科医生中有156名（56%）回复，111名住院医师中有60名（54%）回复。58%的住院医师单身，而63%的执业医生已婚。大多数住院医师没有孩子（88%），但只有46%的执业医生没有孩子。住院医师的种族更为多样化——只有58%是白人，而执业医生为75%。住院医师和执业医生都表示对选择OMFS作为职业感到满意，分别为91%和87%。两组中该领域的主要吸引力包括总体上喜欢外科手术、牙科与医学的结合以及该专业所带来的挑战。执业医生（61%）和住院医师（60%）仍报告在住院医师培训中存在对女性的偏见。29%的住院医师和38%的执业医生还报告曾遭受性骚扰。
自1994年以来，住院医师培训项目和执业领域中的女性人数都有了明显增加。两组人员的多样性也更高。吸引女性投身该领域的因素相对保持不变。然而，该领域对女性的偏见仍然存在，性骚扰并不罕见，而且没有证据表明自1994年以来情况有所改善。时间投入和社会妥协仍然是女性进入OMFS专业的最大阻碍。
