Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
Int J Obes (Lond). 2010 Jul;34(7):1125-33. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.3. Epub 2010 Feb 2.
Breakfast skipping (BS) is closely associated with overeating (in the evening), weight gain and obesity. It is unclear whether the addition of breakfast, with emphasis on dietary protein, leads to better appetite and energy intake regulation in adolescents.
The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of addition of a normal-protein (PN) breakfast vs protein-rich (PR) breakfast on appetite and food intake in 'breakfast-skipping' adolescents.
A total of 13 adolescents (age 14.3+/-0.3 years; body mass index percentile 79+/-4 percentile; skipped breakfast 5+/-1 x per week) randomly completed 3 testing days that included a PN (18+/-1 g protein), PR (48+/-2 g protein) or BS. Breakfast was 24% of estimated daily energy needs. Appetite, satiety and hormonal responses were collected over 5 h followed by an ad libitum lunch and 24-h food intake assessments.
Perceived appetite was not different following PN vs BS; PR led to greater reductions vs BS (P<0.01) and PN (P<0.001). Fullness was greater following both breakfast meals vs BS (P<0.01) but was not different between meals. Ghrelin was not different among treatments. Greater PYY concentrations were observed following both breakfast meals vs BS (P<0.01) but was not different between meals. Lunch energy intake was not different following PN vs BS; PR led to fewer kcal consumed vs BS (P<0.01) and PN (P<0.005). Daily food intake was not different among treatments.
Breakfast led to increased satiety through increased fullness and PYY concentrations in 'breakfast skipping' adolescents. A breakfast rich in dietary protein provides additional benefits through reductions in appetite and energy intake. These findings suggest that the addition of a protein-rich breakfast might be an effective strategy to improve appetite control in young people.
不吃早餐（BS）与暴饮暴食（晚上）、体重增加和肥胖密切相关。目前尚不清楚在青少年中添加早餐，重点是膳食蛋白质，是否会导致更好的食欲和能量摄入调节。
本研究旨在研究添加正常蛋白（PN）早餐与富含蛋白（PR）早餐对“不吃早餐”青少年食欲和食物摄入的影响。
共有 13 名青少年（年龄 14.3+/-0.3 岁；体重指数百分位数 79+/-4 百分位数；每周不吃早餐 5+/-1 次）随机完成 3 次测试，包括 PN（18+/-1 g 蛋白质）、PR（48+/-2 g 蛋白质）或 BS。早餐占估计每日能量需求的 24%。在 5 小时内收集食欲、饱腹感和激素反应，然后进行随意午餐和 24 小时食物摄入评估。
PN 与 BS 相比，食欲无差异；PR 与 BS（P<0.01）和 PN（P<0.001）相比，食欲降低幅度更大。与 BS 相比，两种早餐后饱腹感均增强（P<0.01），但与早餐间无差异。胃饥饿素在治疗中无差异。与 BS 相比，两种早餐后 PYY 浓度均升高（P<0.01），但与早餐间无差异。PN 与 BS 相比，午餐能量摄入无差异；PR 与 BS（P<0.01）和 PN（P<0.005）相比，消耗的卡路里更少。三种处理方式的每日食物摄入量无差异。
早餐通过增加饱腹感和 PYY 浓度，使“不吃早餐”的青少年增加饱腹感。富含膳食蛋白质的早餐通过降低食欲和能量摄入提供额外的益处。这些发现表明，添加富含蛋白质的早餐可能是改善年轻人食欲控制的有效策略。
