Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Apr;97(4):677-88. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.053116. Epub 2013 Feb 27.
Breakfast skipping is a common dietary habit practiced among adolescents and is strongly associated with obesity.
The objective was to examine whether a high-protein (HP) compared with a normal-protein (NP) breakfast leads to daily improvements in appetite, satiety, food motivation and reward, and evening snacking in overweight or obese breakfast-skipping girls.
A randomized crossover design was incorporated in which 20 girls [mean ± SEM age: 19 ± 1 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 28.6 ± 0.7] consumed 350-kcal NP (13 g protein) cereal-based breakfasts, consumed 350-kcal HP egg- and beef-rich (35 g protein) breakfasts, or continued breakfast skipping (BS) for 6 d. On day 7, a 10-h testing day was completed that included appetite and satiety questionnaires, blood sampling, predinner food cue-stimulated functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scans, ad libitum dinner, and evening snacking.
The consumption of breakfast reduced daily hunger compared with BS with no differences between meals. Breakfast increased daily fullness compared with BS, with the HP breakfast eliciting greater increases than did the NP breakfast. HP, but not NP, reduced daily ghrelin and increased daily peptide YY concentrations compared with BS. Both meals reduced predinner amygdala, hippocampal, and midfrontal corticolimbic activation compared with BS. HP led to additional reductions in hippocampal and parahippocampal activation compared with NP. HP, but not NP, reduced evening snacking of high-fat foods compared with BS.
Breakfast led to beneficial alterations in the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals that control food intake regulation. Only the HP breakfast led to further alterations in these signals and reduced evening snacking compared with BS, although no differences in daily energy intake were observed. These data suggest that the addition of breakfast, particularly one rich in protein, might be a useful strategy to improve satiety, reduce food motivation and reward, and improve diet quality in overweight or obese teenage girls. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01192100.
不吃早餐是青少年中常见的饮食习惯，与肥胖密切相关。
本研究旨在观察高蛋白（HP）早餐与正常蛋白（NP）早餐相比，是否能改善超重或肥胖不吃早餐女孩的食欲、饱腹感、食物动机和奖励以及晚餐零食摄入。
采用随机交叉设计，20 名女孩[平均年龄 ± SEM：19 ± 1 岁；体重指数（kg/m2）：28.6 ± 0.7]连续 6 天分别食用 350kcal 的 NP（含 13g 蛋白质）谷类早餐、350kcal 的 HP（富含 35g 蛋白质的鸡蛋和牛肉）早餐或继续不吃早餐（BS）。第 7 天，进行 10 小时的测试，包括食欲和饱腹感问卷调查、采血、餐前食物线索刺激功能磁共振成像脑扫描、自由晚餐和晚餐零食。
与 BS 相比，早餐可降低每日饥饿感，且早餐间无差异。早餐可增加每日饱腹感，HP 早餐比 NP 早餐更能增加饱腹感。与 BS 相比，HP 可降低每日胃饥饿素水平并增加每日肽 YY 浓度，而 NP 则无此作用。两餐均可降低餐前杏仁核、海马体和中前额皮质边缘系统的激活，与 BS 相比，HP 还可进一步降低海马体和旁海马体的激活。与 BS 相比，HP 可降低晚餐对高脂肪食物的零食摄入，而 NP 则无此作用。
早餐可改善控制食物摄入调节的食欲、激素和神经信号，而仅 HP 早餐可进一步改善这些信号，减少与 BS 相比的晚餐零食摄入，尽管每日能量摄入无差异。这些数据表明，添加早餐，尤其是富含蛋白质的早餐，可能是改善超重或肥胖青少年的饱腹感、降低食物动机和奖励以及改善饮食质量的有效策略。本试验在 clinicaltrials.gov 注册为 NCT01192100。
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