Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2010 Jul;156(3):318-24. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.023. Epub 2010 Feb 4.
Barnacle geese were walked on a treadmill at speeds ranging from 0.25 to 1.25 ms(-1), which was their highest sustainable speed. No evidence for a gait change was found. The gait of a barnacle goose appears to conform to the classical pendulum mechanics based model of walking, with the kinetic energy of forward motion (horizontal kinetic energy, E(kh)) out-of-phase with the sum of the gravitational potential (E(p)), and vertical kinetic (E(kv)) energies of the centre of mass at all speeds. Why barnacle geese are unable to aerial run when other 'waddling' species do show an aerial phase (e.g., mallard ducks) is unclear. Presumably, however, it is likely to relate to the amount of lateral kinetic energy generated, which is a feature of 'waddling'. We predict that lateral kinetic energy generated by barnacle geese and other waddling species that cannot aerial run, is higher than in those that can. Due to competing selection pressures for swimming and flight, barnacle geese are mechanically and energetically inefficient walkers relative to more specialist cursorial birds. Their upper walking speed, however, appears to be limited by morphology (via kinematics) and not metabolic capacity (energetics).
大滨鹬在跑步机上以 0.25 到 1.25 米每秒的速度行走，这是它们的最高可持续速度。没有发现步态变化的证据。大滨鹬的步态似乎符合基于经典钟摆力学的行走模型，其前进运动的动能（水平动能，E(kh))与重力势能（E(p))之和以及质心的垂直动能（E(kv))在所有速度下都不同步。为什么当其他“蹒跚”物种（例如绿头鸭）确实表现出空中阶段时，大滨鹬却无法在空中奔跑还不清楚。然而，据推测，这可能与产生的横向动能的大小有关，这是“蹒跚”的一个特征。我们预测，不能空中奔跑的大滨鹬和其他蹒跚物种产生的横向动能高于能够空中奔跑的物种。由于游泳和飞行的竞争选择压力，大滨鹬相对于更专业的奔跑鸟类来说在机械和能量方面效率较低。然而，它们的最高步行速度似乎受到形态学（通过运动学）的限制，而不是代谢能力（能量学）的限制。
