Section for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
J Abnorm Psychol. 2010 Feb;119(1):40-9. doi: 10.1037/a0018118.
There are indications that a jumping to conclusions bias (JTC) plays a role in the formation and maintenance of delusions and should be targeted in therapy. However, it is unclear whether (a) JTC is uniquely associated with delusions or simply an epiphenomenon of schizophrenia or impaired intellectual functioning and (b) it can be changed by varying task demands, motivational factors, or feedback. Seventy-one patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and either acute or remitted delusions and 68 healthy controls were included. Patients were assessed with self- and observer-rated symptom measures. All participants were assessed for intellectual ability and performed the classic beads task with a ratio of 80:20. They were then presented with task variations that involved increasing the difficulty of the ratio to 60:40, introducing a rule for which correct decisions were rewarded by monetary gains and false decisions led to financial losses, and providing feedback on the accuracy of the previous decisions. Participants with current delusional symptoms took fewer draws to decision (DTD) than did those in remission and healthy controls. DTD were associated with observer-rated delusions, but controlling for negative symptoms or intelligence rendered this association insignificant. DTD increased after the difficulty of the task increased and after feedback. The study demonstrated that JTC is linked to delusions but that this association is not unique. Patients with delusions are principally able to adapt their decisions to altered conditions but still decide relatively quickly even when decisions have negative consequences. These difficulties might stem in part from impaired intellectual functioning.
有迹象表明，仓促下结论的偏见（JTC）在妄想的形成和维持中起作用，应该在治疗中针对这一偏见进行治疗。然而，目前尚不清楚（a）JTC 是否仅与妄想有关，还是仅仅是精神分裂症或认知功能障碍的一种表现，以及（b）是否可以通过改变任务要求、动机因素或反馈来改变 JTC。研究纳入了 71 名精神分裂症谱系障碍患者，这些患者存在急性或缓解期的妄想，同时纳入了 68 名健康对照者。患者接受了自我和观察者评定的症状评估。所有参与者都接受了智力评估，并进行了经典的珠子任务，比率为 80:20。然后，他们接受了不同的任务变化，包括将比率增加到 60:40，引入一个规则，即正确的决策会得到金钱奖励，错误的决策会导致财务损失，并对之前决策的准确性提供反馈。有当前妄想症状的参与者比缓解期和健康对照组的参与者做出的决策更少。决策时间（DTD）与观察者评定的妄想有关，但控制了阴性症状或智力后，这种关联就变得不显著了。当任务难度增加和反馈后，DTD 增加了。该研究表明，JTC 与妄想有关，但这种关联并不是独特的。有妄想的患者主要能够根据改变的条件来调整他们的决策，但即使决策有负面影响，他们仍然会相对较快地做出决策。这些困难可能部分源于认知功能障碍。
