Goldoni Matteo, Caglieri Andrea, De Palma Giuseppe, Acampa Olga, Gergelova Petra, Corradi Massimo, Apostoli Pietro, Mutti Antonio
Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Sciences, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100, Parma, Italy.
J Environ Monit. 2010 Feb;12(2):442-7. doi: 10.1039/b914673c. Epub 2009 Nov 17.
Chromium (Cr) levels measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC-Cr) and urine (Cr-U) at the beginning and end of working shifts were related to those measured in erythrocytes (Cr-RBC) and plasma in 14 non-smoking male chrome-plating workers exposed to Cr(VI) in soluble aerosol form who did not report any significant current or past respiratory disease. Cr-U mainly correlated with Cr-P (Cr in plasma) at the end of the working shift (r(2) = 0.59, p < 0.01), whereas Cr-RBC correlated with EBC-Cr (r(2) = 0.32, p < 0.05); at the beginning of the shift, the only significant correlation was between Cr-U and Cr-RBC (r(2) = 0.74, p < 0.01). The clearance of Cr(iii) arising from Cr(VI) reduction was rapid, thus making Cr-U and Cr-P ideal biomarkers of the most recent exposure, whereas Cr-RBC may represent the fraction of Cr(VI) that reaches the bloodstream in non-reduced form and therefore depends on the airway inhaled dose represented by EBC-Cr. Cr-RBC clearance is slower and not only involves the free diffusion of Cr(iii) from RBC to plasma, but probably also involves more complicated kinetic phenomena involving other tissues and organs, which may explain the correlation between Cr-RBC and Cr-U and the lack of correlation Cr-RBC and Cr-P at least 36 h after the last exposure. In conclusion, our findings reinforce the idea that measuring Cr in EBC can significantly contribute to traditional biomonitoring by providing specific information at the target organ level and integrating our knowledge of Cr toxicokinetics.
在14名未报告当前或既往有任何重大呼吸系统疾病、暴露于可溶性气溶胶形式六价铬（Cr(VI)）的非吸烟男性镀铬工人中，测量其轮班开始和结束时呼出气冷凝物（EBC-Cr）和尿液（Cr-U）中的铬（Cr）水平，并将其与红细胞（Cr-RBC）和血浆中的铬水平进行关联。轮班结束时，Cr-U主要与血浆中的铬（Cr-P）相关（r(2)=0.59，p<0.01），而Cr-RBC与EBC-Cr相关（r(2)=0.32，p<0.05）；在轮班开始时，唯一显著的相关性是Cr-U和Cr-RBC之间的相关性（r(2)=0.74，p<0.01）。由Cr(VI)还原产生的三价铬（Cr(iii)）清除迅速，因此使Cr-U和Cr-P成为最近暴露的理想生物标志物，而Cr-RBC可能代表以未还原形式进入血液的Cr(VI)部分，因此取决于EBC-Cr所代表的气道吸入剂量。Cr-RBC清除较慢，不仅涉及Cr(iii)从红细胞向血浆的自由扩散，还可能涉及涉及其他组织和器官的更复杂的动力学现象，这可能解释了最后一次暴露后至少36小时Cr-RBC与Cr-U之间的相关性以及Cr-RBC与Cr-P之间缺乏相关性的原因。总之，我们的研究结果强化了这样一种观点，即通过在靶器官水平提供特定信息并整合我们对Cr毒代动力学的认识，测量EBC中的Cr可以显著促进传统生物监测。
