Lee Patricia N, McFall-Ngai Margaret J, Callaerts Patrick, de Couet H Gert
Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2009 Nov;2009(11):pdb.emo135. doi: 10.1101/pdb.emo135.
The Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, is a cephalopod whose small size, short lifespan, rapid growth, and year-round availability make it suitable as a model organism. E. scolopes is studied in three principal contexts: (1) as a model of cephalopod development; (2) as a model of animal-bacterial symbioses; and (3) as a system for studying adaptations of tissues that interact with light. E. scolopes embryos can be obtained continually and can be reared in the laboratory over an entire generation. The embryos and protective chorions are optically clear, facilitating in situ developmental observations, and can be manipulated experimentally. Many molecular protocols have been developed for studying E. scolopes development. This species is best known, however, for its symbiosis with the luminous marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and has been used to study determinants of symbiont specificity, the influence of symbiosis on development of the squid light organ, and the mechanisms by which a stable association is achieved. Both partners can be grown independently under laboratory conditions, a feature that offers the unusual opportunity to manipulate the symbiosis experimentally. Molecular and genetic tools have been developed for V. fischeri, and a large expressed sequence tag (EST) database is available for the host symbiotic tissues. Additionally, comparisons between light organ form and function to those of the eye can be made. Both types of tissue interact with light, but have divergent embryonic development. As such, they offer an opportunity to study the molecular basis for the evolution of morphological novelties.
夏威夷短尾乌贼（学名：Euprymna scolopes）是一种头足类动物，其体型小、寿命短、生长迅速且全年都有，使其适合作为模式生物。对夏威夷短尾乌贼的研究主要集中在三个方面：（1）作为头足类动物发育的模型；（2）作为动物 - 细菌共生的模型；（3）作为研究与光相互作用的组织适应性的系统。夏威夷短尾乌贼的胚胎可以持续获取，并能在实验室中饲养一代。胚胎和保护性卵膜在光学上是透明的，便于进行原位发育观察，并且可以进行实验操作。已经开发了许多分子实验方案来研究夏威夷短尾乌贼的发育。然而，该物种最著名的是其与发光海洋细菌费氏弧菌的共生关系，并已被用于研究共生体特异性的决定因素、共生对乌贼发光器官发育的影响以及实现稳定共生关系的机制。在实验室条件下，双方都可以独立培养，这一特性为通过实验操纵共生关系提供了难得的机会。已经为费氏弧菌开发了分子和遗传工具，并且有一个大型的宿主共生组织表达序列标签（EST）数据库。此外，可以对发光器官与眼睛的形态和功能进行比较。这两种组织都与光相互作用，但胚胎发育不同。因此，它们为研究形态新奇性进化的分子基础提供了机会。
