ZnO nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and ecotoxicological studies.

The potential ecotoxicity of nanosized zinc oxide (ZnO), synthesized by the polyol process, was investigated using common Anabaena flos-aquae cyanobacteria and Euglena gracilis euglenoid microalgae. The photosynthetic activities of these microorganisms, after addition of ZnO nanoparticles, varied with the presence of protective agents such as tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and polyoxyethylene stearyl ether (Brij-76) used to control particle size and shape during the synthesis. In the case of Anabaena flos-aquae , the photosynthetic activity, after addition of ZnO, ZnO-TOPO, and ZnO-Brij-76, decreased progressively due to stress induced by the presence of the nanoparticles in the culture medium. After contact with ZnO-TOPO nanoparticles, this decrease was followed by cell death. On the other hand, after 10 days, a progressive increase of the photosynthetic activity was observed after contact with ZnO and ZnO-Brij-76 nanoparticles. In the case of Euglena gracilis , cell death was observed after contact with all nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses of ultrathin sections of microorganisms showed that polysaccharides produced by Anabaena flos-aquae avoid particle internalization after contact with ZnO and ZnO-Brij-76 nanoparticles. On the other hand, nanoparticle internalization was observed after contact with all nanoparticles in the presence of Euglena gracilis and also with ZnO-TOPO nanoparticles after contact with Anabaena flos-aquae .