Blacklaws Barbara, Harkiss Gordon D
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
Curr HIV Res. 2010 Jan;8(1):26-52. doi: 10.2174/157016210790416406.
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are related retroviruses that cause multisystem disease usually over a long period of time. The viruses show similarities and differences in biological and pathogenic features. The basic retroviral genomic organization is complicated by the presence of a variable number of accessory genes in both viruses, though the structure is more complex in HIV. Both are mucosal pathogens, and infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. The main difference in cell tropism is that, unlike HIV, SRLV do not infect lymphocytes. A major feature of both pathogens is restricted replication and virus latency, which are partly responsible for the establishment of chronic infection usually lasting for life. The pathologies observed are similar in the early stages of both infections, and possibly following highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). While the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease during symptomatic stages is mainly due to secondary infections and neoplastic conditions, the early and post-HAART stages are associated with chronic inflammatory changes that resemble those found in SRLV diseases which are thought to be mediated by anti-virus immune responses.
小反刍兽慢病毒（SRLV）和人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）是相关的逆转录病毒，通常会在很长一段时间内引发多系统疾病。这两种病毒在生物学和致病特征上既有相似之处，也有不同之处。尽管HIV的结构更为复杂，但两种病毒基本的逆转录病毒基因组结构都因存在数量可变的辅助基因而变得复杂。二者均为黏膜病原体，可感染单核细胞-巨噬细胞谱系的细胞。细胞嗜性的主要差异在于，与HIV不同，SRLV不会感染淋巴细胞。这两种病原体的一个主要特征是复制受限和病毒潜伏，这在一定程度上导致了通常会持续终生的慢性感染的形成。在两种感染的早期阶段，以及可能在高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（HAART）之后，所观察到的病理变化是相似的。虽然有症状阶段HIV所致疾病的发病机制主要是由于继发感染和肿瘤形成，但早期及HAART后阶段与慢性炎症变化有关，这些变化与SRLV疾病中发现的变化相似，被认为是由抗病毒免疫反应介导的。
