3 岁儿童的离婚前问题：对男孩和女孩的前瞻性研究。
Pre-divorce problems in 3-year-olds: a prospective study in boys and girls.
机构信息
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
出版信息
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011 Apr;46(4):311-9. doi: 10.1007/s00127-010-0199-x. Epub 2010 Mar 7.
OBJECTIVE
We examined to what extent internalizing and externalizing problems at age 3 preceded and predicted parental divorce, and if divorce and the time lapse since divorce were related to internalizing and externalizing problems at age 12.
METHODS
Parental ratings of internalizing and externalizing problems were collected with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in a large sample (N = 6,426) of 3-year-old children. All these children were followed through the age of 12 years, at which parents completed the CBCL again, while teachers completed the Teacher's Report Form. Children whose parents divorced between age 3 and age 12 were compared with children whose families remained intact.
RESULTS
Girls whose parents divorced between ages 3 and 12 already showed more externalizing problems at age 3 than girls whose parents stayed married. Higher levels of externalizing problems in girls at age 3 predicted later parental divorce. Parental reports indicated that 12-year-olds with divorced parents showed more internalizing and externalizing problems than children with married parents. Levels of teacher-reported problems were not different between children with married versus divorced parents. However, children whose parents divorced between ages 3 and 12 showed more teacher-rated internalizing problems at age 12 when the divorce was more recent than when the divorce was less recent. Parental ratings of both internalizing and externalizing problems at age 12 were not associated with the time lapse since divorce.
CONCLUSION
Externalizing problems in girls precede and predict later parental divorce. Post-divorce problems in children vary by raters, and may depend on the time lapse since divorce.
目的
我们研究了 3 岁时的内化和外化问题在多大程度上先于并预测了父母离婚，以及离婚和离婚后的时间间隔是否与 12 岁时的内化和外化问题有关。
方法
在一个由 6426 名 3 岁儿童组成的大样本中，使用儿童行为检查表（CBCL）收集了父母对内化和外化问题的评价。所有这些孩子都在 12 岁时进行了随访，此时父母再次完成了 CBCL，而教师则完成了教师报告表。将父母在 3 岁至 12 岁之间离婚的儿童与家庭完整的儿童进行比较。
结果
父母在 3 岁至 12 岁之间离婚的女孩在 3 岁时已经表现出更多的外化问题，而父母仍已婚的女孩则表现出更多的外化问题。3 岁时女孩外化问题的严重程度越高，预示着以后父母离婚的可能性越大。父母报告表明，父母离婚的 12 岁儿童比父母已婚的儿童表现出更多的内化和外化问题。教师报告的问题水平在已婚和离婚儿童之间没有差异。然而，父母在 3 岁至 12 岁之间离婚的儿童，当离婚时间较近时，其教师评定的内化问题较多，而当离婚时间较远时，其教师评定的内化问题较少。父母在 12 岁时对内化和外化问题的评价与离婚后的时间间隔无关。
结论
女孩的外化问题先于并预测了以后的父母离婚。离婚后儿童的问题因评估者而异，可能取决于离婚后的时间间隔。
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