Streissguth A P, Grant T M, Barr H M, Brown Z A, Martin J C, Mayock D E, Ramey S L, Moore L
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98105.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 May;164(5 Pt 1):1239-43. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90691-j.
Recent reports of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with prenatal cocaine exposure have raised questions about the actual numbers of infants who are exposed to cocaine in utero. Whereas toxicologic urine screens obtained at delivery can detect cocaine use in the preceding few days, they fail to yield a comprehensive picture of use during and immediately before pregnancy. According to postpartum self-report, 15% of a teaching hospital sample and 3% of a private hospital sample of mothers had used cocaine during pregnancy or in the previous month (total = 876). Rates at the teaching hospital reflect a fifteenfold increase over the past 12-year period, when compared with previously obtained data. Cocaine users were significantly more likely to report that they drank alcohol, smoked cigarettes, and took other illicit drugs during pregnancy than women who denied using cocaine. Mothers at highest risk for cocaine use were those who were black (20%), were single-separated-divorced (24% to 33%), and had less than a high school education (21%).
近期有关产前接触可卡因与不良妊娠结局相关的报告，引发了关于子宫内接触可卡因的婴儿实际数量的疑问。虽然分娩时进行的毒理学尿液筛查能够检测出前几天内是否使用过可卡因，但却无法全面呈现孕期及临产前的用药情况。根据产后自我报告，在一家教学医院的样本中，15%的母亲以及一家私立医院样本中3%的母亲在孕期或前一个月使用过可卡因（样本总数 = 876）。与此前获取的数据相比，教学医院的比率在过去12年中增长了15倍。与否认使用可卡因的女性相比，使用可卡因的女性更有可能报告自己在孕期饮酒、吸烟以及使用其他非法药物。使用可卡因风险最高的母亲是黑人（20%）、单身 - 分居 - 离婚者（24%至33%）以及受教育程度低于高中者（21%）。
