Day N L, Cottreau C M, Richardson G A
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA 15213-2593.
Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Jun;36(2):232-45. doi: 10.1097/00003081-199306000-00005.
Although most women report alcohol use, women generally are light drinkers. Those who drink and drink heavily are more likely to be young, white, single, to have a higher education and income, and to be employed outside the home. However, women who drink during pregnancy, and particularly, those who continue to drink through the third trimester are different. They are older, more likely to be black, and they have higher rates of illicit drug use, less education, and lower social status. Marijuana and cocaine are used less frequently. However, women of childbearing age have the highest rates of use for both these drugs. Women who use marijuana during pregnancy are more often black, unmarried, and of lower social class. Cocaine users tend to be black, older, unmarried, and also of lower socioeconomic status. Both groups more frequently use other illicit drugs and, in general, receive less prenatal care. Therefore, for alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine, the highest rates of use are found among women of childbearing age. The women most likely to use substances during pregnancy are women who also have other characteristics that are, in themselves, significant risk factors for poor pregnancy outcome. These covariates must be considered in the evaluation of the effects of prenatal substance use.
尽管大多数女性报告有饮酒行为，但女性总体上饮酒量较少。那些饮酒且酗酒的女性更可能年轻、白人、单身、受过高等教育且收入较高，并且在外工作。然而，孕期饮酒的女性，尤其是那些在孕晚期仍继续饮酒的女性则有所不同。她们年龄较大，更可能是黑人，非法药物使用率较高，受教育程度较低，社会地位也较低。大麻和可卡因的使用频率较低。然而，育龄女性对这两种药物的使用率最高。孕期使用大麻的女性更多是黑人、未婚且社会阶层较低。可卡因使用者往往是黑人、年龄较大、未婚且社会经济地位也较低。这两组人更频繁地使用其他非法药物，并且总体上接受的产前护理较少。因此，对于酒精、大麻和可卡因，使用率最高的是育龄女性。孕期最有可能使用毒品的女性还具有其他一些自身就是不良妊娠结局重要风险因素的特征。在评估产前药物使用的影响时必须考虑这些协变量。
