Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
Neurotox Res. 2010 Nov;18(3-4):272-86. doi: 10.1007/s12640-010-9191-1. Epub 2010 Apr 20.
The present review investigates the empirical evidence from cross-sectional and long-term follow-up studies on neurocognitive indicators of an increased risk for developing schizophrenia spectrum psychoses in clinically defined high-risk samples. First, the investigations at the Cologne center for early recognition and intervention are briefly summarized and then integrated within the available literature. Thirty-two studies with original data could be identified by extensive literature search. Cross-sectional investigations of neurocognitive baseline assessments in high-risk samples with unknown conversion status have produced rather inconsistent results. Nevertheless, most convincing evidence could be collected for abnormal functioning in processing speed measures (digit symbol coding, Trailmaking Test-B, Stroop Color Naming), the Continuous Performance Test, verbal working memory measures, verbal memory and learning, and verbal fluency, though negative findings have also been reported in every instance. Moreover, high-risk subjects were found to perform both at the schizophrenia performance level and at a close to normal level. Longitudinal follow-up assessments provided predictive evidence with regard to psychosis conversion for measures of processing speed and of verbal memory and learning. However, a substantial number of negative findings does not allow for straight-forward conclusions. Finally, some reasons for inconsistent findings are discussed critically speculating on demographic differences, reliability and sample sizes, and conceptual imprecision in communicating results.
本综述调查了横断面和长期随访研究中关于精神分裂症谱系精神病高危人群神经认知指标的实证证据。首先，简要总结了科隆早期识别和干预中心的研究成果，然后将其纳入现有文献中。通过广泛的文献搜索，确定了 32 项具有原始数据的研究。对未知转化状态的高危样本进行神经认知基线评估的横断面研究结果相当不一致。然而，对于处理速度测量（数字符号编码、追踪测试-B、Stroop 颜色命名）、连续性能测试、言语工作记忆测量、言语记忆和学习以及言语流畅性的异常功能，可以收集到最有说服力的证据，尽管也有研究报告了阴性结果。此外，高危人群的表现既达到了精神分裂症的水平，也接近正常水平。纵向随访评估为处理速度和言语记忆学习测量的精神病转化提供了预测证据。然而，大量的阴性结果不允许得出直接的结论。最后，对不一致结果的一些原因进行了批判性讨论，推测存在人口统计学差异、可靠性和样本大小以及结果表述上的概念不精确等原因。
